Wenxiang Ding

Surveillance de l'état structurel des transducteurs ultrasonores piézoélectriques: Les transducteurs à ultrasons ont été largement utilisés dans le diagnostic médical, la thérapie, l'évaluation non destructive, le nettoyage, le sonar et d'autres applications. Le bon fonctionnement du transducteur lui-même est un facteur clé de la fiabilité globale du système. Cependant, en raison d'une mauvaise utilisation par l’opérateur ou d'une dégradation des matériaux, des défauts peuvent survenir tels que des ruptures dans le câblage, des fissures dans les matériaux passifs, l’endommagement des matériaux actifs, une délamination entre les couches constitutives du dispositif ... Ce travail de thèse porte sur une analyse détaillée de l'influence de délaminations sur les performances du transducteur, visant à déterminer des procédures pour faciliter le suivi du comportement du transducteur pendant sa durée de vie et la détection des dégradations avant qu'elles n'affectent significativement les performances du système dans son ensemble.Dans le cadre de ce travail, un modèle analytique bidimensionnel original pour l’étude des vibrations couplées dans les résonateurs piézoélectriques est proposé. Des solutions générales pour toutes les grandeurs physiques dans les systèmes de coordonnées cartésiennes et cylindriques sont déduites des équations tensorielles de la piézoélectricité. Elles sont exprimées sous forme de séries de fonctions trigonométriques ou de Bessel. L'impédance électrique, la forme du mode et le spectre de fréquences des céramiques piézoélectriques sont calculés par la méthode analytique proposée ainsi que par la méthode des éléments finis. La comparaison des résultats de ces deux méthodes montre un excellent accord.Une étude systématique de l'influence de différents types de délaminations sur les performances des transducteurs ultrasonores monoéléments et multi-éléments est présentée. Des modèles par éléments finis sont développés pour montrer l'impact des différents types de délaminations ainsi que d'autres facteurs sur l'admittance électromécanique (EMA) de transducteurs composés soit d'un disque soit de parallélépipèdes de céramiques piézoélectriques, d'un milieu arrière et d'une lame adaptatrice. Des études expérimentales sont mises en place pour valider les modèles et des indicateurs quantitatifs sont proposés. Des éléments sont réalisés en impression 3D (milieu arrière, lame adaptatrice) et montés sur des échantillons de céramiques piézoélectriques pour obtenir un transducteur modèle intact et des transducteurs modèles avec délaminations. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et expérimentaux montre un bon accord et permet d’affirmer que des modifications de l'EMA peuvent révéler l'apparition et l'étendue d'une délamination entre les éléments constitutifs d’une sonde échographique.

The electrolytic capacitor-less PMSM drive system presents complex nonlinear characteristics. Since electrolytic capacitor-less systems exhibit low inertia due to the absence of energy storage components, traditional controllers struggle to achieve the dynamic optimization of phase and amplitude margins, resulting in power transmission mismatches that trigger DC bus voltage surges. This severely limits the dynamic response capability and reliable operation of the system across full operating conditions, leading to an insufficient wide-speed-range performance and disturbance rejection. This study investigates the stable operation mechanism under intermittent working conditions by analyzing DC bus voltage transient characteristics. It optimizes control parameters for stable intermittent operations and establishes a neural network-based adaptive controller model. By modeling the correlation between hardware parameters and control parameters in drive systems under frequent start–stop conditions, this research achieves dynamic controllability of the controller during intermittent operations. This approach enhances the computational accuracy of the drive system control model, ultimately improving system-wide operational reliability and adaptability. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of this approach, showing significant reliability improvements in capacitor-less variable-frequency speed-control systems. Key innovations include: (1) BP neural network integration for dynamic parameter optimization, (2) impulse voltage suppression through adaptive control matching, and (3) enhanced transient response via machine learning-enhanced speed regulation. The test results demonstrate a 63% reduction in bus voltage fluctuations and 35% improvement in load transition responses compared to conventional PID-based systems, proving the strategy’s practical viability for industrial drive applications.

Multilayer piezoelectric stacks, which are multiple layers of piezoelectric materials placed on top of each other, are widely used to achieve precise linear movement and high-force generation. In this paper, a dynamic stiffness (DS) method for the dynamic vibration analysis of multilayer piezoelectric stacks is presented. First, the general solutions for all physical quantities of the three vibration contributions (i.e., pure vibration, symmetrically coupled vibration, and anti-symmetrically coupled vibration) are derived from the governing equations of motion. Then, the DS matrices of each layer of the piezoelectric stack are obtained, and they are assembled to form a global DS matrix. The electrical impedances and the mode shapes of a piezoelectric stack consisting of two piezoelectric disks connected in series and in parallel are calculated using our method as well as by the finite element method. The comparison shows good agreement. Finally, the effect of the number of layers on the dynamic responses of piezoelectric stacks is investigated. The DS method developed here provides an efficient and accurate analytical tool for the parametric and optimization analysis of the coupled vibrations of multilayer piezoelectric structures.

Early detection of defects inside a rail is of great significance to ensure the safety of rail transit. This work investigated the ability of ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) to detect internal defects in a rail head. First, the model of UGW propagation in rail, which has an irregular cross-section, was constructed based on the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method. Fundamental characteristics, such as wavenumber, phase or group velocity, and wave structure inside the rail, were then calculated. Following modal and vibration energy distribution analysis, a guided wave mode that is sensitive to transverse fissure (TF) defects was selected, and its excitation method was proposed. The effectiveness of the excitation method was confirmed by simulations performed in the ABAQUS software. According to the simulation data, the dispersion curve calculated by using the two-dimensional Fourier fast transform (2D-FFT) coincided well with that of the SAFE method. After that, the sensitivity of the selected mode to internal rail defects was validated and its ability to locate defects was also demonstrated. Finally, the effects of excitation frequency, defect size, and vertical and horizontal defect depth on the reflection waveforms were investigated.

This article deals with 2-D modeling of coupled vibrations of finite piezoelectric resonators. A general solution for all the physical quantities in the Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems is deduced from the governing equations by expansion in series summation of trigonometric functions of thickness coordinate and trigonometric or Bessel functions of the lateral one. The essential difference between this model and the earlier ones is that instead of expressing mainly in the thickness coordinate and integration through the thickness, the solutions are expressed in the form of double Fourier series augmented by single Fourier or Fourier–Bessel series, which contributes to better satisfy the mechanical and electrical boundary conditions. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the system is developed. Electrical impedances of a typical piezoelectric parallelepiped under stress-free and symmetrical loading conditions and its frequency spectrum for different width-to-thickness ratios are calculated using our model as well as by the finite element method. A comparison shows an excellent agreement. Finally, theoretical and measured electrical impedances of a piezoelectric parallelepiped and a piezoelectric disk are compared and discussed. The 2-D theoretical model proposed here is shown to be accurate and efficient for coupled vibration analysis of piezoelectric resonators and is applicable for any set of finite dimensions and crystal symmetry.

Ultrasonic transducers performance can be seriously deteriorated by loss of adhesion between some constitutive elements such as the active element, the backing, or the matching layer. In the present work, the influence of bonding delaminations on the performance of a single-element ultrasonic transducer, which is composed of a piezoelectric disk, a backing, and a matching layer, is studied numerically and experimentally. Based on the positions between layers, two cases, i.e., delaminations between ceramic and backing or between ceramic and matching layer, are considered. Each case involves three different types of delaminations, which are marked as delamination type (DT)-I, II, and III. DT-I, a circular shape delamination, starts from the center and expands towards the peripheric zone; DT-II, an annular shape delamination, starts from the peripheric zone and expands towards the center; DT-III is a sector shape delamination with a given angle. The numerical simulations are performed by the finite element method and the influence of delaminations on the electromechanical admittance (EMA) of the transducer is investigated. 3D printed backings and matching layers are mounted on a PZT sample to assemble delaminated single-element transducers. An impedance analyzer is used for experimental measurements. Comparison between numerical and experimental results shows a reasonable agreement making changes in EMA an interesting indicator to inform about the occurrence and severity of delaminations in a single-element ultrasonic transducer.