Abdulazeez Femi Salami

This paper addresses coverage loss and rapid energy depletion issues for wireless livestock sensor networks by proposing a UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (UBER) scheme for smart wireless livestock sensor networking applications. This routing scheme relies on a dynamic residual energy thresholding strategy, robust cluster-to-UAV link formation, and UAV-assisted network coverage and recovery mechanism. The performance of UBER was evaluated using low, normal and high UAV altitude scenarios. Performance metrics employed for this analysis are network stability (NST), load balancing ratio (LBR), and topology fluctuation effect ratio (TFER). Obtained results demonstrated that operating with a UAV altitude of 230 m yields gains of 31.58%, 61.67%, and 75.57% for NST, LBR, and TFER, respectively. A comparative performance evaluation of UBER was carried out with respect to hybrid heterogeneous routing (HYBRID) and mobile sink using directional virtual coordinate routing (MS-DVCR). The performance indicators employed for this comparative analysis are energy consumption (ENC), network coverage (COV), received packets (RPK), SN failures detected (SNFD), route failures detected (RFD), routing overhead (ROH), and end-to-end delay (ETE). With regard to the best-obtained results, UBER recorded performance gains of 46.48%, 47.33%, 15.68%, 19.78%, 46.44%, 29.38%, and 58.56% over HYBRID and MS-DVCR in terms of ENC, COV, RPK, SNFD, RFD, ROH, and ETE, respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that the UBER scheme is highly efficient with competitive performance against the benchmarked CBR schemes.

Performance Review of Selected Topology-Aware Routing Strategies for Clustering Sensor Networks

This research proposed a 1X4 patch antenna array for 5G Communication. The proposed antenna was designed to resonate at 28GHz frequency band. CST Microwave studio was used for the simulation of the antenna by employing Roger RT 5880 LZ with thickness and permittivity 0.762mm and 1.96 respectively as the substrate. The antenna was fed using a quarter-wave transformer to match its impedance to 50 ohms. The single patch resonates at 27.9GHz frequency with; a bandwidth of 1.87GHz, and a gain of 7.79dB. The addition of another element brought about an increment in the above-mentioned values. Furthermore, the implementation of the four element array configuration brought about the significant enhancement of values for bandwidth and antenna gain with maximum achievable gain of 13.5 dB. The design procedure, structure and simulation of the antenna are discussed in this paper.