Jothi Vinoth Kumar

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as a highly promising scaffold for electrochemical sensing due to their unique structural and chemical properties. Comprising metal ions or clusters linked by organic molecules, MOFs possess a large surface area, adjustable pore sizes, and various functional groups, making them valuable for sensitive and selective analyte detection. Recent studies have focused on leveraging these characteristics to enhance electrochemical sensors applicable in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food safety, and energy systems. MOFs improve electron transfer rates, provide greater active site occupancy, and enhance interactions with target analytes, resulting in increased sensitivity and reduced detection limits. Additionally, MOF‐based composites incorporating conductive materials like carbon nanotubes and graphene address the conductivity challenges of pure MOFs. This review outlines the design, synthesis, and functionalization of MOFs for electrochemical sensing, covering sensing mechanisms, electrode modification strategies, practical applications, and the current challenges and future directions for MOF‐based sensors in next‐generation sensing technologies.

Graphene and inorganic nanoparticles combined to create novel nanomaterials with distinctive properties have garnered a lot of interest. These have kept scientists on their toes and are being used in many different sectors. The Cu‐rGO nanocomposites in a PVP/PCL polymer matrix were created through the solvent casting technique. A biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, PVP/PCL, was chosen for use in this case. The analysis indicated that the Cu‐rGO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed within the PVP/PCL polymer matrix and possessed the expected elemental composition. Both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria were used to assess the antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites. The findings indicated that the nanocomposites had a better effect than pure‐rGO on antibacterial properties. This is probably because copper nanoparticles enhance the inherent antibacterial properties of graphene oxide through continuous release of copper ions. They also checked if the materials were compatible with blood by monitoring hemolysis. The study revealed that all materials had low hemolysis levels and, therefore, were compatible with blood. However, there was some cell survival in each of the samples tested. This may be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by Cu ions. After 3 days, cell survival in the presence of PCuG5 was 68%.

Synthesis and characterization of improved bioactivity and cytocompatibility of hydroxyapatite (HAP) co‐functionalized with gelatin (G) and the amino acid leucine (L) or tyrosine (T) prepared through a hydrothermal process. Phase‐pure, nano HAP with a crystallite size of 15–18 nm and a minimum size of crystallites was noticed in co‐modified samples (GL: 15.39 nm, GT: 15.48 nm) and was successfully confirmed by x‐ray diffraction (XRD). The successful formation of HAP was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy to identify the presence of characteristic peaks. Analysis of SEM showed that the cofunctionalized samples (GL, GT) had a uniform, fine, and less‐agglomerated morphology and recapitulated the structure of the natural bone mineral in nanostructure. TGA showed an increase in the organic content of the modified samples, indicating a synergistic increase in the GT composite. The DTA results have proven that the incorporation of organic additives had resulted in the structural modification, thereby enhancing the thermal stability of the samples. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity was conducted by using MG‐63 osteoblast‐like cells, and the cytocompatibility was excellent, with cell viability being over 90% in all the concentrations of the T, GT, and GL samples tested.