Bilal Baz
Research Subjects
Bilal Baz has a total of 84 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Alise Sapata
Institute of Sustainable Building Materials and Engineering Systems, Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
3 shared publications - Annika Robens-Radermacher
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
3 shared publications - Arun Arunothayan
Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
3 shared publications - Costantino Menna
University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
3 shared publications - David Böhler
Technical University of Munich, Department of Materials Engineering
3 shared publications - Dirk Lowke
Technical University of Munich, Department of Materials Engineering
3 shared publications
Latest Publications
- 4 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Influence of the fresh state properties of 3D printable concrete on the steel-concrete bonding and durability
Influence des propriétés à l'état frais des bétons imprimables 3D sur la liaison acier-béton et sur la durabilité: La fabrication additive ou impression 3D est la technique la plus récente introduite dans le secteur de la construction. De nombreuses questions restent posées, notamment la maîtrise des propriétés à l'état frais et durci du matériau utilisé, et la stratégie de renforcement pour fournir la ductilité et les capacités structurelles des éléments.Cette thèse traite de l’effet des propriétés à l’état frais du matériau sur l’état durci et sur la réponse mécanique des éléments imprimés. Le travail a commencé par la formulation et la caractérisation rhéologique de nouveaux mélanges imprimables. La thixotropie des mortiers, c’est à dire de la variation du seuil de cisaillement au cours du temps, a été particulièrement étudiée et permet une meilleure compréhension de l'effet de certains adjuvants chimiques et minéraux sur la vitesse de structuration du mélange. Ensuite, la relation entre la rhéologie du matériau et la liaison développée avec les armatures a été explorée, en tenant compte de la direction des couches par rapport à la barre sur la qualité de la liaison. Enfin, cette recherche comprend une caractérisation microstructurale des matériaux imprimés, ainsi qu'une évaluation de la durabilité des éléments imprimés lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des attaques d'acide sulfurique.Plus précisément, l'évolution du seuil de cisaillement a été mesurée pour différents mélanges imprimables sur une certaine période de temps à l'aide du pénétromètre à chute libre, et l'effet de certains additifs chimiques et minéraux a été examiné. Ici, il a été constaté que les paramètres de formulation influencent le taux de structuration du mélange, mais dans des amplitudes différentes. En particulier, l'ajout de superplastifiant, de filler calcaire et l’augmentation du dosage en eau diminuent le taux de structuration du matériau, alors que l’agent de viscosité l'augmente. Ensuite, l'effet de la rhéologie du matériau, de la méthode d'impression et de la direction des couches par rapport à la barre, sur la qualité de la liaison acier/béton imprimé a été étudié à travers des tests d'arrachement sur des éléments imprimés réalisés manuellement ou à l'aide d'une imprimante automatisée. Ici, différents mélanges avec des ouvrabilités et des comportements thixotropes différents ont été utilisés. Des couches parallèles et perpendiculaires à la barre ont été imprimées. Les résultats ont montré que les échantillons imprimés étaient capables de développer une contrainte d’adhérence acceptable par rapport aux échantillons moulés. Ces résultats indiquent également que l'impression manuelle peut être considérée comme une méthode d'essai préliminaire pour simuler le travail d'une imprimante, et que la rhéologie du matériau n’a pas eu d’effet majeur sur la liaison avec les barres. De plus des couches imprimées parallèlement à la barre présentent une meilleure liaison par rapport à celle obtenue pour les échantillons ayant des couches imprimées perpendiculairement. Concernant l'évaluation de la microstructure et de la durabilité des échantillons imprimés, différents mélanges ont été utilisés pour couvrir une large gamme de propriétés des matériaux. Ici, des échantillons imprimés ont été exposés à différentes concentrations d'acide sulfurique et la microstructure des échantillons dégradés et non dégradés a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que les échantillons qu'ils soient imprimés ou non, ont les mêmes performances contre une attaque acide. En particulier, les échantillons imprimés n'ont montré aucun signe de faiblesse entre les couches, ni à une échelle micro ni à une échelle macro. La différence majeure entre un échantillon imprimé et un échantillon coulé est que les échantillons imprimés ont une distribution et une morphologie de la taille des pores plus étalées, ce qui est causé par les paramètres d'impression utilisés.
- 4 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Influence of the fresh state properties of 3D printable concrete on the steel-concrete bonding and durability
Influence des propriétés à l'état frais des bétons imprimables 3D sur la liaison acier-béton et sur la durabilité: La fabrication additive ou impression 3D est la technique la plus récente introduite dans le secteur de la construction. De nombreuses questions restent posées, notamment la maîtrise des propriétés à l'état frais et durci du matériau utilisé, et la stratégie de renforcement pour fournir la ductilité et les capacités structurelles des éléments.Cette thèse traite de l’effet des propriétés à l’état frais du matériau sur l’état durci et sur la réponse mécanique des éléments imprimés. Le travail a commencé par la formulation et la caractérisation rhéologique de nouveaux mélanges imprimables. La thixotropie des mortiers, c’est à dire de la variation du seuil de cisaillement au cours du temps, a été particulièrement étudiée et permet une meilleure compréhension de l'effet de certains adjuvants chimiques et minéraux sur la vitesse de structuration du mélange. Ensuite, la relation entre la rhéologie du matériau et la liaison développée avec les armatures a été explorée, en tenant compte de la direction des couches par rapport à la barre sur la qualité de la liaison. Enfin, cette recherche comprend une caractérisation microstructurale des matériaux imprimés, ainsi qu'une évaluation de la durabilité des éléments imprimés lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des attaques d'acide sulfurique.Plus précisément, l'évolution du seuil de cisaillement a été mesurée pour différents mélanges imprimables sur une certaine période de temps à l'aide du pénétromètre à chute libre, et l'effet de certains additifs chimiques et minéraux a été examiné. Ici, il a été constaté que les paramètres de formulation influencent le taux de structuration du mélange, mais dans des amplitudes différentes. En particulier, l'ajout de superplastifiant, de filler calcaire et l’augmentation du dosage en eau diminuent le taux de structuration du matériau, alors que l’agent de viscosité l'augmente. Ensuite, l'effet de la rhéologie du matériau, de la méthode d'impression et de la direction des couches par rapport à la barre, sur la qualité de la liaison acier/béton imprimé a été étudié à travers des tests d'arrachement sur des éléments imprimés réalisés manuellement ou à l'aide d'une imprimante automatisée. Ici, différents mélanges avec des ouvrabilités et des comportements thixotropes différents ont été utilisés. Des couches parallèles et perpendiculaires à la barre ont été imprimées. Les résultats ont montré que les échantillons imprimés étaient capables de développer une contrainte d’adhérence acceptable par rapport aux échantillons moulés. Ces résultats indiquent également que l'impression manuelle peut être considérée comme une méthode d'essai préliminaire pour simuler le travail d'une imprimante, et que la rhéologie du matériau n’a pas eu d’effet majeur sur la liaison avec les barres. De plus des couches imprimées parallèlement à la barre présentent une meilleure liaison par rapport à celle obtenue pour les échantillons ayant des couches imprimées perpendiculairement. Concernant l'évaluation de la microstructure et de la durabilité des échantillons imprimés, différents mélanges ont été utilisés pour couvrir une large gamme de propriétés des matériaux. Ici, des échantillons imprimés ont été exposés à différentes concentrations d'acide sulfurique et la microstructure des échantillons dégradés et non dégradés a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que les échantillons qu'ils soient imprimés ou non, ont les mêmes performances contre une attaque acide. En particulier, les échantillons imprimés n'ont montré aucun signe de faiblesse entre les couches, ni à une échelle micro ni à une échelle macro. La différence majeure entre un échantillon imprimé et un échantillon coulé est que les échantillons imprimés ont une distribution et une morphologie de la taille des pores plus étalées, ce qui est causé par les paramètres d'impression utilisés.
- 29 October 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (9) , 1-44
Durability assessment of 3D printed cement-based materials: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study
- 29 October 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (9) , 1-44
Durability assessment of 3D printed cement-based materials: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study
- Top Cited PapersOpen Access
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-29
Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — approach and main results
To show compliance to structural engineering codes and implement quality control measures, it is critical to obtain reliable mechanical properties of the materials in question. For conventional cast and precast concrete, the experimental procedures and relationships between mechanical properties, the material composition, and the production methods are globally known, but for 3D concrete printing (3DCP), these relations have not yet been established. Previous studies have shown little consistency in results, and the underlying experimental methods have not been established broadly. There is an urgent need to address these issues as the application of 3DCP in practice projects is growing rapidly. Therefore, RILEM TC 304-ADC: Assessment of Additively Manufactured Concrete Materials and Structures has set up a large interlaboratory study into the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This paper presents key elements of the experimental approach detailed in the Study Plan and the supporting considerations. Furthermore, it reports on the response, consisting of 34 contributions from 30 laboratories, detailing global coverage, properties of the applied mixture designs and characteristics of the printing facilities that have been used. Subsequently, some fundamental results from compression, flexural, and E-modulus testing are presented and—considering cast specimens as a reference—discussed. On average, a reduction in strength was found in compression and E-modulus (all tested orientations). For flexure, on the other hand, an increase was found in two testing orientations, while a decrease was observed in the third orientation. Importantly, even though the applied experimental methods were found to be reasonably appropriate to obtain the required data, the differences found between individual contributions are significant and sometimes non-consistent, suggesting that testing on specific material-facility combinations is necessary to reliably determine the mechanical properties of objects produced from them. Furthermore, a theoretical framework needs to be developed to further explain the variations that were observed. Extensive analyses of all acquired data are out of the scope of this contribution, but presented in two associated papers, whereas a third presents the data management approach used to process the approximately 5,000 test results.
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-29
Top Cited PapersOpen AccessMechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — approach and main results
To show compliance to structural engineering codes and implement quality control measures, it is critical to obtain reliable mechanical properties of the materials in question. For conventional cast and precast concrete, the experimental procedures and relationships between mechanical properties, the material composition, and the production methods are globally known, but for 3D concrete printing (3DCP), these relations have not yet been established. Previous studies have shown little consistency in results, and the underlying experimental methods have not been established broadly. There is an urgent need to address these issues as the application of 3DCP in practice projects is growing rapidly. Therefore, RILEM TC 304-ADC: Assessment of Additively Manufactured Concrete Materials and Structures has set up a large interlaboratory study into the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This paper presents key elements of the experimental approach detailed in the Study Plan and the supporting considerations. Furthermore, it reports on the response, consisting of 34 contributions from 30 laboratories, detailing global coverage, properties of the applied mixture designs and characteristics of the printing facilities that have been used. Subsequently, some fundamental results from compression, flexural, and E-modulus testing are presented and—considering cast specimens as a reference—discussed. On average, a reduction in strength was found in compression and E-modulus (all tested orientations). For flexure, on the other hand, an increase was found in two testing orientations, while a decrease was observed in the third orientation. Importantly, even though the applied experimental methods were found to be reasonably appropriate to obtain the required data, the differences found between individual contributions are significant and sometimes non-consistent, suggesting that testing on specific material-facility combinations is necessary to reliably determine the mechanical properties of objects produced from them. Furthermore, a theoretical framework needs to be developed to further explain the variations that were observed. Extensive analyses of all acquired data are out of the scope of this contribution, but presented in two associated papers, whereas a third presents the data management approach used to process the approximately 5,000 test results.
- Top Cited PapersOpen Access
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-30
Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM 304-ADC interlaboratory study – compressive strength and modulus of elasticity
Traditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval between printing layers; and Deviation 2, where the standard printing process was used, but the specimens were cured under conditions different from water bath. Some tests were conducted at two different scales based on specimen size—“mortar-scale” and “concrete-scale”—to investigate the size effect on compressive strength. Since the mix design remained identical for both scales, the only variable was the specimen size. This paper reports on the findings from the interlaboratory study, followed by a detailed investigation into the influencing parameters such as extraction location, cold joints, number of interlayers, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the printed concrete. As this study includes results from laboratories worldwide, its contribution to the development of relevant standardized testing protocols is critical.
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-30
Top Cited PapersOpen AccessMechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM 304-ADC interlaboratory study – compressive strength and modulus of elasticity
Traditional construction techniques, such as in-situ casting and pre-cast concrete methods, have well-established testing protocols for assessing compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, including specific procedures for sample preparation and curing. In contrast, 3D concrete printing currently lacks standardized testing protocols, potentially contributing to the inconsistent results reported in previous studies. To address this issue, RILEM TC 304-ADC initiated a comprehensive interlaboratory study on the mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. This study involves 30 laboratories worldwide, contributing 34 sets of data, with some laboratories testing more than one mix design. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were determined under three distinct conditions: Default, where each laboratory printed according to their standard procedure followed by water bath curing; Deviation 1, which involved creating a cold joint by increasing the time interval between printing layers; and Deviation 2, where the standard printing process was used, but the specimens were cured under conditions different from water bath. Some tests were conducted at two different scales based on specimen size—“mortar-scale” and “concrete-scale”—to investigate the size effect on compressive strength. Since the mix design remained identical for both scales, the only variable was the specimen size. This paper reports on the findings from the interlaboratory study, followed by a detailed investigation into the influencing parameters such as extraction location, cold joints, number of interlayers, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties of the printed concrete. As this study includes results from laboratories worldwide, its contribution to the development of relevant standardized testing protocols is critical.
- Top Cited PapersOpen Access
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-33
Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — flexural and tensile strength
This paper discusses the flexural and tensile strength properties of 3D printed concrete, based on the results of a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study on mechanical properties. These properties are determined using different testing techniques, including 3- and 4-point flexural tests, splitting tests, and uniaxial tension tests, on specimens extracted from large 3D printed elements in accordance with a prescribed study plan. The relationship between compressive and flexural or tensile strengths, cast or printed samples, different types of tests, and different loading orientations, are analysed to understand the influence of 3D printing. As expected, the strength can reduce significantly when the main tensile stress is acting perpendicular to the interface between layers. The role of deviations from the standard study procedure, in terms of the time interval between the placing of subsequent layers, or the adoption of a different curing strategy, are also assessed. While the increased time interval significantly impacts the strength in the critical direction, the use of variable curing conditions does not seem to have a clear-cut effect on the strength ratios of the printed to cast specimens. Additionally, the paper looks at the variability in the results for the printed specimens, in order to emphasize the need for multiple replicates for obtaining a proper result. An extensive insight into the aspects affecting the variability is presented in the paper. Finally, with the limited dataset available for specimens tested at a larger scale, it is difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the role of specimen size (i.e., greater number of layers).
- 24 June 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Materials and Structures
- Vol. 58 (5) , 1-33
Top Cited PapersOpen AccessMechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study — flexural and tensile strength
This paper discusses the flexural and tensile strength properties of 3D printed concrete, based on the results of a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study on mechanical properties. These properties are determined using different testing techniques, including 3- and 4-point flexural tests, splitting tests, and uniaxial tension tests, on specimens extracted from large 3D printed elements in accordance with a prescribed study plan. The relationship between compressive and flexural or tensile strengths, cast or printed samples, different types of tests, and different loading orientations, are analysed to understand the influence of 3D printing. As expected, the strength can reduce significantly when the main tensile stress is acting perpendicular to the interface between layers. The role of deviations from the standard study procedure, in terms of the time interval between the placing of subsequent layers, or the adoption of a different curing strategy, are also assessed. While the increased time interval significantly impacts the strength in the critical direction, the use of variable curing conditions does not seem to have a clear-cut effect on the strength ratios of the printed to cast specimens. Additionally, the paper looks at the variability in the results for the printed specimens, in order to emphasize the need for multiple replicates for obtaining a proper result. An extensive insight into the aspects affecting the variability is presented in the paper. Finally, with the limited dataset available for specimens tested at a larger scale, it is difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the role of specimen size (i.e., greater number of layers).
- 1 November 2020
- Published by Springer Nature in Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
- Vol. 22 (2) , 341-349
Inter-layer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete elements
- 1 November 2020
- Published by Springer Nature in Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
- Vol. 22 (2) , 341-349
Inter-layer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete elements
- 1 September 2020
- Published by Elsevier in Construction and Building Materials
- Vol. 256
Mechanical assessment of concrete – Steel bonding in 3D printed elements
- 1 September 2020
- Published by Elsevier in Construction and Building Materials
- Vol. 256
Mechanical assessment of concrete – Steel bonding in 3D printed elements
- 1 January 2020
- Published by Elsevier in Construction and Building Materials
- Vol. 230
Effect of the printing method and mortar’s workability on pull-out strength of 3D printed elements
- 1 January 2020
- Published by Elsevier in Construction and Building Materials
- Vol. 230
Effect of the printing method and mortar’s workability on pull-out strength of 3D printed elements
- 30 August 2018
- Published by Springer Nature
- p. 53-60
Characterization of 3D Printing Mortars Made with OPC/CSA Mixes
- 30 August 2018
- Published by Springer Nature
- p. 53-60
Characterization of 3D Printing Mortars Made with OPC/CSA Mixes