Jakub Zieliński

The experiments were carried out to examine the possibility of utilizing waste slags generated in fire smelting processes. Metallurgical slags - Fe-As Alloy, Lead Slag and Ground Pb Slag were subjected to leaching with nitric acid with varying concentrations, at 100°C for 1 h under atmospheric pressure. The possibility to recover iron, copper, lead, cadmium, cobalt and molybdenum was examined. Elements with high enough content in raw material can be successfully leached and the plateau of leaching efficiency is reached with 55 wt. % nitric acid in most cases and is recommended for this process. If iron is not targeted for leaching even as low as 30 wt. % nitric acid can be used while maintaining high leaching.

Calcination of phosphate ore is one of the methods of ore processing, i.e., increasing the phosphorus content (P₂O₅) in the ore. However, this process is very energy-intensive and not economically justified in most cases. It can be improved by using additives to lower the required calcination temperature. In this work, several samples of phosphate ores were subjected to thermal analysis using thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS) to study their behavior during the calcination process. Then, selected phosphate ore from the Tunisian deposit was mixed with NaCl, KNO₃, or Na₂CO₃ and calcined in various regimes (temperature and time). Uncalcined samples, together with obtained calcinates, were also subjected to thermal analysis by TG-MS. Temperature ranges in which the mass loss occurred were defined and discussed. Appropriate models of sample weight loss were derived and visualized by using the response surface methodology. Explanations of possible processes observed during the heating of phosphate ore samples with inorganic salt addition were proposed.

Due to the positive effect on soil structure and the influence on improving the efficiency of plant roots nutrient uptake, humic acids (HA) are widely considered for fertilizer production. Especially, it seems to be particularly promising to use them as additives in technologies of mineral fertilizer production. One of the common mineral fertilizer components, due to its good water solubility and the presence of nitrogen in two forms, is ammonium nitrate (AN). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the humic acids extracted from peat and lignite on the thermal decomposition of HA and the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and humic acids mixtures. For the quality assessment of HA, spectroscopic methods (FTIR/ATR and CP/MAS ¹³C NMR) and analysis of elemental composition were used. The analysis of the spectra showed differences in the degree of humification of humic acids extracted from various raw materials. HA isolated from peat were distinguished by the presence of peptides, polysaccharides, and lignin residues. Elemental analysis showed the higher carbon and sulfur content in the extracted HA compared to the reference samples. The results of the TG-DTA-MS analysis confirmed the influence of differences in the molecular structure of humic acids, especially in the aliphatic and aromatic carbon content, on the thermal decomposition process. Total content of carboxylic and/or hydroxylic functional groups had a significant impact on the start of the decomposition temperature. Their increase visibly influenced the acceleration of the exothermic decomposition of AN.

Samples of pure ammonium nitrate (AN) and its mixtures with calcium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate and potassium carbonate were investigated with the use of differential thermal analysis with mass spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The main objective of the study was to determine the influence of selected carbonate materials on phase transitions of ammonium nitrate and to consider a possibility to use such potassium salts as fillers in fertilizer production. It was proven that all carbonate salts caused the absence of a phase transition that normally would occur at around 84–86 °C. Potassium carbonates were too reactive in systems containing AN. Based on the performed study, it was concluded that even though potassium carbonates are not fit to replace mineral fillers in the production process of fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate, they could be used in lesser amounts to remove the presence of low-temperature phase transitions of AN.

Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT wydaje czasopisma fachowe informuj?ce swoich czytelnik?w o najnowszych osi?gni?ciach naukowych i nowoczesnych rozwi?zaniach technicznych w Polsce i na ?wiecie, popularyzuje problemy techniczne oraz poszerza wiedz? i kultur? techniczn?.