Ahmed Merghani

BACKGROUND: Studies in ostensibly healthy male master athletes have revealed a greater prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary plaques compared with relatively sedentary counterparts. In contrast, data relating to potentially adverse coronary remodelling in female master athletes is sparse and conflicting. We investigated the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in a cohort of predominantly post-menopausal female master athletes with a low atherosclerotic risk profile. METHODS: 196 female athletes with a mean age of 55±7 years-old and median exercise duration of 33 years (25-39) and 59 relatively sedentary females of similar age underwent cardiovascular investigations including a coronary computed tomogram angiography with assessment of CAC scores, coronary plaques, and pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation. 70% of the athletes and 68% of the control group were post-menopausal. RESULTS: Athletes and controls had a similarly low Framingham 10-year risk (1.49% versus 2.1%; P=0.68), but body mass index and blood pressure were lower and HDL-C was higher in the athletes. The prevalence of CAC score >0 Agatston units (AU) was low and did not differ between athletes and controls (21% versus 32%;P=0.073). Female athletes had a lower prevalence of a CAC score >50 ^th centile (19% versus 32%;P75 ^th centile (14% versus 25%;P=0.045) for age compared with controls, but the prevalence of a CAC score >100 AU did not differ between the groups (3.6% versus 8.5%;P=0.12). There were also no differences between the groups in the prevalence of individuals with coronary plaques (21% versus 32%;P=0.09), total plaque volume (16 mm ³ [IQR 3-56] versus 49 [5-142] mm ³ ;P=0.08), or plaque burden (10.8% [2.8-21] versus 15.4% [4.6-28];P=0.46). Coronary plaques were predominantly calcified in both athletes and controls (80% versus 63%;P=0.08). Age, blood pressure and HDL-C were independent predictors for a CAC score >0 AU among athletes. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with previous studies in male master athletes, lifelong exercise in female counterparts does not appear to be associated with increased CAC score, coronary plaque burden or any qualitative differences in coronary plaque compared with relatively sedentary healthy counterparts. Coronary atherosclerosis in master female athletes is mainly driven by traditional risk factors.

Background: Recognizing the etiology of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) has an enormous impact on the management of victims and their immediate families. A significant proportion of SCA survivors with a structurally normal heart are not offered a diagnosis and there is no clear consensus on the type and duration of follow‐up. We aimed to assess the utility of a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing diagnosis of cardiac arrest etiology during follow‐up. Methods and Results: We retrospectively assessed 327 consecutive SCA survivors (mean age 61.9±16.2 years, 80% men) who underwent secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators between May 2015 and November 2018. The initial diagnosis was recorded at the time of admission and follow‐up diagnosis was deduced from subsequent clinic records, investigations, and outcomes of multidisciplinary team meetings. Structural heart disease accounted for 282 (86%) of SCAs. Forty‐five (14%) patients had a structurally normal heart and underwent comprehensive testing and follow‐up (mean duration 93±52 weeks). On initial evaluation, 14/45 (31%) of these received a diagnosis, rising to 29/45 (64%) with serial reviews during follow‐up. Discussion in multidisciplinary team meetings and imaging reassessment accounted for 47% of new diagnoses. No additional diagnoses were made beyond 96 weeks. Nineteen (5.8%) fatalities occurred in the entire cohort, exclusively in patients with structural heart disease. Conclusions: Systematic comprehensive testing combined with multidisciplinary expert team review of SCA survivors without structural heart disease improves the yield and time to diagnosis compared with previously published studies. This approach has positive implications in the management of SCA survivors and their families.

Deaths of young athletes from cardiac disease are uncommon but receive considerable media attention and intermittently galvanize debates about cardiac screening prior to participation in sports. Both the American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorse preparticipation screening in athletes; however, there is disagreement about the best approach. The AHA recommends history and physical examination; this approach is pragmatic and relatively inexpensive but has poor sensitivity because most athletes are asymptomatic and physical examination identifies only a minority of those at risk of sudden cardiac death. The inclusion of the electrocardiogram in accordance with the recommendations of the ESC improves sensitivity for detection of serious cardiac disease but is associated with an unacceptably high false-positive rate, in part because of the overlap between the electrical manifestations of athletic training and the cardiomyopathies. For young athletes with normal electrocardiogram results, echocardiography contributes minimally to the diagnosis of serious cardiac diseases. Given all the complexities, cardiac screening of young athletes should be voluntary not mandatory and conducted by highly experienced physicians who fully understand the cardiovascular adaptation to intensive exercise.