Atakilti Brhanu Kiros

Urban planners need scalable ways to monitor pedestrian conditions across heterogeneous cities, but conventional Level-of-Service (LOS) methods are often locally calibrated and difficult to transfer. This study proposes a city-adaptive framework for pedestrian LOS mapping using spatio-temporal graph models and few-shot transfer learning. Pedestrian count data from Melbourne, Dublin, and Zurich were converted into six ordinal LOS classes using city-specific percentile thresholds computed from the training data, yielding a relative congestion measure rather than an absolute cross-city standard. We developed a spatio-temporal graph transformer with an ordinal prediction head and evaluated it under in-domain, zero-shot, few-shot, and domain-adaptive settings. The results show strong in-domain performance in Melbourne (accuracy 79.7%; Acc ± 1 99.1%) and effective adaptation to the city-adaptive ordinal classification task. Few-shot fine-tuning with only 5% labeled target city data recovered 95–99% of in-domain performance, suggesting that small amounts of local supervision can substantially reduce calibration requirements in data-scarce environments. KernelSHAP analysis indicates that short-term temporal lag features dominate predictions across cities, whereas spatial and contextual features vary more strongly with local urban structure. The findings suggest that few-shot transfer learning can support pedestrian LOS estimation in cities with limited labeled data; however, the proposed LOS formulation should be interpreted as a city-specific relative indicator rather than an absolute measure of pedestrian comfort, crowding, or service quality. While the framework was evaluated across three cities, additional validation in diverse urban contexts and against perceptual measures of pedestrian experience remains necessary. Overall, the study contributes a city-adaptive framework for transferable relative LOS prediction rather than a universal cross-city LOS standard.

Urban planners need continuous, scalable methods to evaluate pedestrian Level of Service (LOS). Static and locally calibrated approaches fail to capture the dynamic, network-wide, and context-dependent nature of pedestrian activity. While traditional LOS uses fixed density thresholds and data-driven models predict continuous flows, neither supports cross-city analysis due to context-specific assumptions. This study introduces a transferable analytical framework for predicting pedestrian LOS using large scale urban sensor data that captures both recurrent temporal demand patterns and spatial dependencies within street networks. The framework is evaluated using pedestrian sensor data from three cities Melbourne, Dublin, and Zurich, which represent diverse geometries, demand profiles, and sensing infrastructures. Results show strong in-domain Melbourne performance (accuracy 79.7%; Acc±1 99.1%) and effective cross-city generalization. Few-shot fine-tuning with only 5% labeled target-city data recovers 95–99% of in-domain performance, demonstrating practical scalability. KernelSHAP explainability reveals short-term temporal lag features universally dominate predictions, while spatial/contextual factors exhibit city-specific influence tied to local morphology. These findings demonstrate transferable GeoAI methods can support real-time pedestrian congestion monitoring and evidence-based public-space management, offering planners a scalable decision-support tool to enhance walkability, safety, and equitable access to high-quality public spaces in contemporary cities.

Urban mobility is a central challenge for sustainable and inclusive cities, as climate change, congestion, and spatial inequality increasingly reveal mobility patterns as expressions of deeper social and spatial structures. Inclusive urban mobility examines whether transport systems equitably support the everyday movements and accessibility needs of historically marginalized and underserved populations. The integration of artificial intelligence with geographic information science, combined with multimodal geospatial data fusion, provides powerful tools to diagnose and address these disparities by integrating heterogeneous data sources such as satellite imagery, GPS trajectories, transit records, volunteered geographic information, and social sensing data into scalable, high-resolution urban mobility analytics. This paper presents a systematic survey of recent GeoAI studies that fuse multiple geospatial data modalities for key urban mobility tasks, including accessibility mapping, demand forecasting, and origin–destination flow prediction, with particular emphasis on inclusive and equity-oriented applications. The review examines 18 multimodal GeoAI studies identified through a PRISMA-ScR screening process from 57 candidate publications between 2019 and 2025. The survey synthesizes methodological trends across data-, feature-, and decision-level fusion strategies, highlights the growing use of deep learning architectures, and examines emerging techniques such as knowledge graphs, federated learning, and explainable AI that support equity-relevant insights across diverse urban contexts. Building on this synthesis, the review identifies persistent gaps in population coverage, multimodal integration, equity optimization, explainability, validation, and governance, which currently constrain the inclusiveness and robustness of GeoAI applications in urban mobility research. To address these challenges, the paper proposes a structured research roadmap linking these gaps to concrete methodological and governance directions including equity-aware loss functions, adaptive multimodal fusion pipelines, participatory and human-in-the-loop workflows, and urban data trusts to better align multimodal GeoAI with the goals of inclusive, just, and sustainable urban mobility systems.

Urban mobility is a central challenge for sustainable and inclusive cities, as climate change, congestion, and spatial inequality expose mobility patterns as expressions of deeper social and spatial structures. Inclusive urban mobility examines whether transport systems equitably support the everyday movements and accessibility needs of historically marginalized and underserved populations. The integration of AI with geographic information science, together with multimodal geospatial data fusion, provides powerful tools to diagnose and address these disparities by combining heterogeneous sources such as satellite imagery, GPS traces, transit records, volunteered geographic information, and social sensing into scalable, high-resolution urban mobility analytics. The main aim of this paper is presenting a systematical review of recent GeoAI studies that fuse multiple geospatial modalities for key tasks such as accessibility mapping, demand forecasting, and origin–destination flow prediction, with particular emphasis on inclusive and equity-oriented applications. The survey synthesizes methodological trends across data-, feature-, and decision-level fusion, highlights the growing use of deep learning architectures, and examines emerging techniques including knowledge graphs, federated learning, and explainable AI shape equity-relevant insights in diverse urban contexts. Building on this synthesis, the review identifies persistent gaps in population coverage, multimodal integration, equity optimization, explainability, validation, and governance that constrain the inclusiveness and robustness of current GeoAI practices, and proposes a structured research roadmap linking these gaps to actual methodological and governance directions—such as equity-aware loss functions, adaptive fusion pipelines, participatory and human-in-the-loop workflows, and urban data trusts—to better align multimodal GeoAI with the goals of inclusive, just, and sustainable urban mobility systems.

As a new concept, cloud computing has attracted the IT Initiations attention especially the Mobile learning (M-learning). At present, there Higher Education Institutions (HEI's) have struggle with limited IT budgets, difficulties in obtaining and managing infrastructure licenses, and the complexities of software and hardware management. The coming of cloud computing, all of the above challenges was solved. The migration to cloud based M-learning in HEI's is a significant stage in terms of online education, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cloud based M-learning approach has the potential to be a powerful and rapid solution to the many challenges faced by universities in this unprecedented time. This study starts with some brief concepts of Cloud Computing and M-learning for HEI's, mentioning for the significance of the results obtained so far. Additionally, it starting point as strategy for HEI's to adopt Cloud based M-learning is provided, by comparisons of existing models and select DOI model to propose cloud based adoption model. But, the DOI model has its own weaknesses; for example, it does not take into account the localization as Innovation determinants. This study introduces localization phase for the optimal performance of the adopted model. The adoption model was evaluating the importance of the proposed model by IT domain experts and it initiates to be both useful and suitable for a successful cloud based M-learning adoption Ethiopian perspective. Therefore, the research results obtained are promising and funding the use of Cloud based M-learning solutions for Ethiopia HEI's by improving knowledge and skill in this field provides a useful strategy for the HEI's structure.

This paper presents on the implementation of spellchecker and corrector system in mobile phone devices, such as a smartphone for the low-resourced Tigrigna language. Designing and developing a spell checking for Tigrigna language is a challenging task. Tigrigna script has more than 32 base letters with seven vowels each. Every first letter has six suffixes. Word formation in Tigrigna depends mainly on root-and-pattern morphology and exhibits prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. A few project have been done on Tigrigna spellchecker on desktop application and the nature of Ethiopic characters. However, in this work we have proposed a systems modeling for Tigrigna language spellchecker, detecting and correction: a corpus of 430,379 Tigrigna words has been used. To indication the validity of the spellchecker and corrector model and algorithm designed, a prototype is developed. The experiment is tested and accuracy of the prototype for Tigrigna spellchecker and correction system for mobile phone devices achieved 92%. This experiment result shows clearly that the system model is efficient in spellchecking and correcting relevant suggested correct words and reduces the misspelled input words for writing Tigrigna words on mobile phone devices.