Shmmon Ahmad

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and widespread involvement of multiple neurotransmitter systems. Traditionally recognized for its motor manifestations including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, PD also encompasses an array of non‐motor symptoms including cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric disturbances, sleep disorders, and autonomic dysfunction. Recent insights have expanded PD pathophysiology beyond dopaminergic deficiency to include α‐synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and gut–brain axis disruption. Growing evidence links insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation to neuronal vulnerability, suggesting PD as part of a broader metabolic–neurodegenerative continuum. Emerging evidence further indicates that progressive bioenergetic failure, impaired mitochondrial resilience, and disrupted neuronal energy homeostasis may represent central mechanisms linking α‐synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and multisystem neurodegeneration in PD. This review specifically emphasizes an integrated energy failure–centered framework that connects molecular pathology with clinical heterogeneity and therapeutic vulnerability. Current therapeutic strategies such as levodopa‐based pharmacotherapy, dopamine agonists, MAO‐B/COMT inhibitors, and adjunct agents provide symptomatic relief but fail to modify disease progression. Surgical and device‐assisted interventions such as deep brain stimulation and continuous infusion therapies improve motor control yet remain limited by non‐motor efficacy and invasiveness. Emerging therapies targeting molecular and metabolic pathways, including gene and cell‐based approaches, GLP‐1 receptor agonists, and microbiome modulation, represent promising avenues for neuroprotection and disease modification. This review integrates molecular, metabolic, and clinical insights to emphasize the need for a holistic, multi‐target therapeutic paradigm in advancing the management of PD.

Regenerative medicine leads the way in healthcare innovation, harnessing the body's inherent regenerative abilities to transform treatment methods for tissue injuries. This review provides a thorough analysis of the core principles, historical development, and various elements that make up regenerative medicine. It explores crucial aspects like stem cells, biomaterials, tissue engineering techniques, gene therapy, small molecules, and biologics, clarifying their functions and possible uses in tissue repair and regeneration. This review examines the newest progress in regenerative medicine influenced by innovative technologies, highlighting their transformative effects on the discipline. It also examines the path of regenerative medicine from research findings to successful clinical applications, emphasizing accomplishments, obstacles, and current efforts. Regulatory structures overseeing regenerative therapies, ethical issues related to their application, and future possibilities are thoroughly examined to offer a complete insight into the field. Through the integration of these varied elements, this review aims to provide readers with a detailed understanding of the current environment and future possibilities in tissue regeneration and repair. It highlights the capacity of regenerative medicine to transform healthcare models, presenting encouraging opportunities for tackling unfulfilled medical requirements and improving patient results.

Massive bone lesions present a significant surgical challenge and contribute to the socio-economic burden while reducing quality of life. Studies worldwide support the effectiveness of bone tissue engineering scaffolds in addressing bone tissue defects. The primary objective of tissue engineering is to develop biological replacements for failing organs or tissues due to accidents, aging, or trauma. The scaffold is vital in tissue engineering, providing an inductive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, and growth. It acts as a bioactive bridge, creating a microenvironment that promotes tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering finds applications in various medical specialties such as cancer, orthopedics, gastro-intestinal, skin, dental, musculoskeletal, urology, spine, vascular, neurology, and cardiology. Differentiated or stem cells are seeded onto a biomaterial scaffold, cultivated in a bioreactor, and then implanted in a living organism. An ideal scaffold should exhibit bioactivity, mechanical strength, porosity, pore size, and, most importantly, biocompatibility. These characteristics are crucial for scaffold selection and construction techniques. A combination of diverse biomaterials and appropriate scaffolding techniques is necessary to achieve these desirable characteristics, tailored to the specific medical and clinical requirements. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the specific types of scaffolds needed for bone healing, repair, or regeneration, along with the suitable biomaterials and scaffolding techniques involved. It offers detailed insights into selecting scaffolds that facilitate the healing process and discusses the various biomaterial options available and the techniques used to construct the scaffolds.

Interest in herbal remedies for arthritis is developing, necessitating a scientific evaluate of their safety and effectiveness primarily based on randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Many natural treatments are claimed to benefit arthritis; however, studies are vital to assess their effectiveness, safety, and capability drug interactions. Traditional arthritis remedies often contain medicines with frequent dosing and adverse outcomes, prompting sufferers to are looking for herbal alternatives. This work highlights, a well-known plant sources used in arthritis remedy lacking powerful formulations, highlighting the want for numerous dosage paperwork past oils. Innovative strategies like liposome technology and transdermal drug delivery structures may want to enhance herbal compound transport.

This paper explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in early tumor diagnosis, emphasizing its role in analyzing health records, medical images, biopsies, and blood tests for improved risk stratification. While screening programs have enhanced survival, challenges remain in patient selection and diagnostic workforces. The review covers diverse AI approaches, including logistic regression, deep learning, and neural networks, applied to various data types in oncology. It discusses the clinical implications, current models in practice, and potential limitations such as ethical concerns and resource demands. We provide an overview of the main artificial intelligence approaches, encompassing historical models like logistic regression, alongside deep learning and neural networks, emphasizing their applications in early diagnosis. We describe the role of AI in tumor detection, prognosis, and treatment administration, and we introduce the application of state-of-the-art large language models in oncology clinics. Our exploration extends to AI applications for omics data types, offering perspectives on their combination for decision-support tools. Concurrently, we evaluate existing constraints and challenges in applying artificial intelligence to precision oncology. The overall aim is to showcase AI's promise in revolutionizing tumor diagnosis while acknowledging and addressing associated challenges, thereby advancing patient care.

The neuroimmune system plays a vital role in the etiology of anxiety and depression. In the current research, the aim was to investigate erucic acid's ability to counteract depression and anxiety induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Erucic acid is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and it was hypothesized that it would be able to reduce the inflammation and stress associated with LPS-induced anxiety and depression. The rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6). The impact of erucic acid with the dose administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg on anxiety depression-like behaviour was studied using the elevated plus maze test, staircase test, marble-burying behaviour, open field test, hyper emotionality, force swimming, and tail suspension test. Also, the biochemical parameters including cytokines i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 were performed. Swiss ADME, pkCSM, and ProTox-II served as as an integrated online platform for precise and complete predictions to determine ADME/T properties of erucic acid. LPS significantly increased anxiety and depression-like behaviour in rats. Erucic acid reduced the lengthening in time of immobility on LPS administration in the tail suspension test and forced swim test indicating the antidepressant type of action. Anti-anxiety effects of erucic acid were increased time spent in the open arms in the elevated plus maze test, decreased repetitive behaviors in the staircase test, marble-burying, and hyper emotionality tests. The high LD50 value (1.382) indicates that erucic acid is relatively non-toxic in acute oral exposures in rats. Erucic acid also prevented LPS-induced elevation of IL-6 and restored the IL-10 levels. It was demonstrated that erucic acid significantly attenuates LPS-induced depression and anxiety in rats. These findings suggest that erucic acid has potential antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, possibly through modulation of the neuroimmune system and inflammatory response. Erucic acid may be beneficial for neuropharmacological effects like anxiety and depression. Additionally, erucic acid may have potential benefits in treating other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further research is needed to better understand the potential therapeutic applications of erucic acid in neurological disorders.

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The term psychosis refers to illnesses that impair the mind and cause a loss of touch with reality. The present research focuses on screening of phytochemicals and neuroleptic potential of leaves extract of Adenium Obesum in animal models. Leaves of Adenium obesum were obtained from the Saharanpur, UP region and these were identified and authenticated by a botanist at BSI, (Prayagraj) Allahabad. The leaves were washed making dust-free and dried at room temperature or shade. The dried leaves were rendered into coarse powders and then finally into fine ones. The powder was weighed and soaked into hydroalcoholic solution consisting ethanol+ distilled water (1:1) for fifteen days with gradual stirrings. A rotating evaporator is used to dry the brownish until a semisolid extract was obtained. Animal House, Department of Pharmacy, Glocal University Saharanpur (UP) was provided Wistar rats of either sex weighing 130–160g. Animals were divided in 4 groups (n=6) i.e., group1 administered only normal saline daily for 21 days, group 2 administered pregabalin (10mg/kg) orally, for 21 days, group 3 administered hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (HLAO) at dose of 200mg/kg orally, for 21 days and group 4 administered hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Adenium obesum (HLAO) at dose of 400mg/kg orally up to 21 days. Screening of phytochemicals and then neuroleptic activity of Adenium Obesum by screening models i.e., Apomorphine-induced stereotypy, Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and Climbing behavior test was evaluated. In results, Adenium obesum has prominent neuroprotective effect at lower and higher doses (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg). But response was based on dose levels. It exhibited a significant neuroprotective behavior it might be due to better release of constituents from the leaves of Adenium obesum plant. In conclusion, Adenium obesum has potential neuroprotective behaviour at the all the doses used but highest was observed at higher dose of ethanolic extract that might be due to better solubility and constituents release from the A. obesum leaves in extraction. Future research suggests, to identify and isolate the responsible element for the pharmacological potential and make the suitable dosage form.

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