Neeraj Choudhary

Wound healing is a complex biological process that can be severely impaired by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, microbial infection, impaired angiogenesis, and defective extracellular matrix remodelling. These abnormalities are particularly prominent in diabetic wounds but also contribute to delayed healing in burn, venous, pressure, traumatic, and post-surgical wounds. Beehive-derived products, including honey, propolis, royal jelly, beeswax, and bee venom, have attracted considerable interest as multifunctional natural therapeutics because of their diverse antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative activities. Honey supports wound repair through its acidic pH, high osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide generation, and bioactive phytochemicals, whereas propolis provides flavonoids and phenolic compounds that contribute to antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerative effects. Royal jelly promotes cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair, while beeswax primarily provides moisture retention, barrier protection, and structural properties in wound dressings. Bee venom and its major component, melittin, exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects, although dose-dependent toxicity and hypersensitivity remain important concerns. Recent advances in hydrogels, polymeric films, electrospun nanofibres, nanoparticles, and composite scaffolds have improved the stability, local retention, controlled release, and therapeutic performance of these products. Preclinical studies demonstrate enhanced antimicrobial activity, fibroblast migration, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and wound closure, while emerging clinical evidence supports their potential across several wound types. However, variability in composition, standardisation, safety, formulation stability, and limited large-scale clinical evidence remain major challenges.

The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, rapid, and reliable RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of acyclovir and doxepin hydrochloride in bulk and topical cream formulation using an Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) approach. The combination of acyclovir, an antiviral agent, and doxepin, an antipruritic and anti-inflammatory drug, offers a combined topical approach for the management of herpes-associated skin conditions. The method development was guided by a predefined Analytical Target Profile (ATP), followed by systematic risk assessment to identify critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical method parameters (CMPs). The central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize key chromatographic variables, including mobile phase composition and flow rate. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (40:60 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at 240 nm. The retention times were found to be 2.58 min for acyclovir and 4.64 min for doxepin hydrochloride, indicating efficient separation with good peak symmetry. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines and demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration ranges of 2–10 µg/mL (acyclovir) and 12–28 µg/mL (doxepin hydrochloride), with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The method exhibited high precision (%RSD < 2%), accuracy (recovery within 99–101%), and good sensitivity with low LOD and LOQ values. The robustness studies confirmed the reliability of the method under small, deliberate variations in chromatographic conditions. The developed cream formulation showed uniform drug content and satisfactory in vitro drug release, with a sustained release profile reaching approximately 96% over 24 h. In conclusion, the proposed AQbD-based RP-HPLC method is suitable for routine quantitative analysis and quality control of acyclovir and doxepin hydrochloride in combined topical formulations.

4D nanoimaging integrates time-resolved imaging, smart nanoplatforms and adaptive drug release to track dynamic disease microenvironments, enabling image-guided, feedback-controlled and personalized therapy.

The broadening field of regulated cell death (RCD) has shown a complex, intertwined web of pathways that are not confined to apoptosis but also to ferroptosis, cuproptosis, necroptosis, and other non-canonical mechanisms, especially in haematological malignancies (HMs). Out of these, ferroptosis and cuproptosis stand out as metabolic-based forms of death that are regulated by iron-dependent and copper-dependent processes, respectively. This review presents the notion of a single ferroptosis-cuproptosis axis, a Metallo-redox network that encompasses lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteotoxic stress to control cell fate decisions. We underscore the fact that haematological cancers use metal ion flux, redox homeostasis, and metabolic plasticity to bypass apoptosis, but are susceptible to other RCD pathways. This work, based on multi-omics methods, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metal omics, describes how integrative modelling can unravel RCD susceptibility landscapes and discover context-specific therapeutic targets. The single-cell and spatial analyses further demonstrate intra-tumoral heterogeneity and switching between death pathways in response to therapeutic pressure. New treatment options that are being developed to address this axis such as ferroptosis inducers, copper ionophores, and complex nanomedicine systems with the ability to deliver therapeutics and modify pathways. The review also covers such challenges of translation as the lack of standardization of biomarkers, clinical trial design, and dynamic stratification of patients. Lastly, suggest an outlook system combining artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, and organoid-based systems to permit precision cell death engineering. Together, this literature makes the ferroptosis-cuproptosis axis a novel change in the outlook of future therapies in haematological cancers. Graphical abstract The provided diagram illustrates the Ferroptosis-Cuproptosis Axis, showing how iron-driven and copper-driven cell death pathways intersect to influence patient outcomes. By integrating multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) with AI and machine learning, researchers can build predictive models for patient stratification. This computational workflow ultimately helps identify whether a patient will show sensitivity to therapy (leading to cell death) or treatment resistance (leading to tumor survival and disease relapse).

Wound healing is a dynamic and highly coordinated process that involves inflammation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, extracellular matrix remodeling, and tissue maturation. The altered expression of important signaling pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Wnt/β-catenin, may be responsible for slower wound healing, chronic inflammation, excessive fibrosis, and impaired tissue regeneration. Multifunctional nanomaterials are a promising strategy for tuning these highly coordinated processes due to their tunable physicochemical properties, high surface area, and the ability to deliver cargo, as well as the integration of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. The aim of current review is to summarize the potential of multifunctional nanomaterials to promote wound healing, with a focus on mechanisms of action and modulation of key cellular signaling pathways. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, searching for publications from 1996 to June 2026, and representative experimental, mechanistic, preclinical, and translational studies were critically evaluated. In this review, the authors discuss the role of nanomaterial properties, therapeutic payload, molecular targets, modulation of cellular signaling pathways, and regenerative effects. These platforms have been shown in in vitro and animal studies to influence inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, collagen remodeling, re-epithelialization, cellular proliferation, and migration. However, the modulation of these pathways are dose-responsive, time-dependent, and cell- and wound-stage-specific. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of nanomaterial-based wound care strategies, the available evidence remains predominantly preclinical, with relatively limited clinical data supporting their use in humans. Concerns regarding long-term toxicity, biodistribution, batch-to-batch reproducibility, sterilization, scalable manufacturing, regulatory approval, and commercial feasibility further challenge translation into clinical practice. Multifunctional nanomaterials may offer a promising approach for pathway-specific and multimodal wound management; however, comprehensive mechanistic studies, long-term safety and biodistribution assessments, and well-designed clinically relevant investigations are required to establish their efficacy, safety, and true translational potential.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons, aggregation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, gut dysbiosis, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Although there are several approved therapies that have been developed, their aqueous solubility, oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, and inability to penetrate the BBB make them less effective over time. This review is intended to critically analyze the potential of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) as a pathogenesis-related approach to enhance the delivery and therapeutic activity of repurposed drugs and conventional drugs for PD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to address the pathogenic mechanisms of PD, the deficiencies of current pharmacotherapy, recent developments in SNEDDS formulation strategies and their application in improving oral bioavailability, lymphatic transport, BBB penetration and targeted brain delivery. A special focus was dedicated to drug repurposing, functionalized SNEDDSs, PEGylation, and gut–brain axis modulation. Results: SNEDDSs significantly enhance the water solubility, stability, intestinal absorption and systemic exposure of poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents and, to a certain extent, lymphatic uptake to avoid first-pass metabolism. These systems include improved brain delivery, decreased pharmacokinetic variability, and prolonged drug levels within the therapeutic range. Moreover, SNEDDSs can be used to deliver multiple molecules that are found to be neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and probiotic, all at once, which can act on multiple pathogenic mechanisms associated with PD. Functionalized and PEGylated SNEDDSs add further to formulation stability, extend systemic circulation and increase efficiency of brain targeting. Conclusions: SNEDDSs are a promising translational nanomedicine platform for enhancing the effectiveness of conventional and repurposed therapeutics in PD, which address key pharmacokinetic and biological challenges. The next generation of oral therapies with targeted surface engineering, precision drug repurposing and clinical validation will be expected to bring about a faster advancement of drugs that can alter the course of disease rather than giving only symptomatic relief.

Viral infections remain a major health problem in the world because they have high mutation rates, are highly adaptable and they develop resistance to traditional antiviral drugs. The conventional one drug, one target approach, though useful in some situations is getting more and more constrained by the development of resistant viral strains and partial blocking of intricate viral life cycles. Multi-target antiviral agents (MTAs) have been identified in this respect as a promising therapeutic option with the ability to simultaneously regulate a variety of viral and host-related pathways. This review thoroughly examines the theoretical framework, rationalization, and therapeutic benefits of the MTAs and their potential to improve antiviral effects, expand spectrum, and inhibit the development of resistance. Moreover, the current review article highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be used to speed up multi-target drug discovery in a transformative way. The high-performance computational methods, such as structure-based and ligand-based design, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, network pharmacology and generative AI, allow candidates to be found and optimized rapidly to multi-targets. Medicinal chemistry approaches, including hybrid pharmacophore design, molecular conjugation, and host-targeted, and the role of natural product-derived scaffolds in the development of multi-target antiviral agents are also discussed in the review. The major case studies of HIV, hepatitis C virus, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are discussed as an example of translational relevance. Lastly, the critical issues under the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and clinical development are discussed, and the future outlook is on AI-based precision antiviral therapeutics. Taken together, this review article highlights the paradigm shift to AI-driven multi-target discoveries of next-generation antiviral drugs.

Pancreatic cancer is among the most prevalent ones, and its diagnosis typically occurs in the latter stages. Traditional chemotherapy is usually limited by low tumour penetration, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. The new method of drug delivery utilizing nanotechnology has proven an effective strategy for addressing these shortcomings by improving drug solubility, efficacy, targeted distribution, and pharmacokinetic properties. This review addresses the genesis of pancreatic cancer, detection, current therapy, and all aspects discussed in carrier-based drug delivery modalities. A specific focus is placed on different types of lipid-based nanocarriers and nanoemulsions, the peculiarities of their formulation, and experimental results. These nanocarriers have been critically reviewed with respect to clinical benefits, therapeutic potential, and translational progress. Besides, new patent regulatory issues regarding nanomedicines for pancreatic cancer. Although there were good clinical outcomes, issues of standardization and control need to be addressed by the solution before nanocarrier-based therapies can be applied in the clinic. Future advancements in personalized nanomedicine, biomarker-guided targeting, and AI-assisted formulation strategies may further enhance the therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic precision of lipid-based nanocarriers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In addition, the integration of nanocarrier systems with combination immunotherapy and precision medicine approaches holds significant promise for improving clinical translation and patient-specific treatment outcomes. Graphical abstract