Francis Desire Tatsinkou Bomba

Jateorhiza macrantha (Menispermaceae) is used in folk medicine in Africa for gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. However, its efficacy against inflammatory pain and associated neuro‐oxidative stress remains uncharacterized. This study evaluated the antihypernociceptive, anti‐inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of J. macrantha aqueous (AEJM) and methanolic (MEJM) leaf extracts in a rat model of complete Freund′s adjuvant (CFA)–induced persistent inflammation. Chronic inflammatory pain was induced in male Wistar rats by intraplantar injection of CFA (50 μ L). The test extracts were administered orally (100–400 mg/kg) for 14 days. Mechanical, cold, and thermal nociception were evaluated using Von Frey filaments, acetone test, and hot‐plate assay, respectively. Paw edema and rectal temperature were monitored to assess anti‐inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Serum levels of TNF‐ α , IL‐1 β , and IL‐6 were quantified, whereas oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH) were measured in brain and spinal cord tissues. Moreover, qualitative phytochemical profiling was performed. AEJM and MEJM significantly ( p < 0.05– p < 0.001) reduced paw edema and fever, increased paw withdrawal thresholds and thermal latencies. These improvements correlated with a significant downregulation of serum TNF‐ α , IL‐1 β , and IL‐6. Furthermore, both extracts significantly lowered MDA levels and increased antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, and GSH) in the brain and spinal cord. Notably, AEJM restored the locomotor performance compared with diclofenac. Phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. AEJM and MEJM exert noteworthy anti‐inflammatory, antihypernociceptive, and antipyretic effects mediated through the concurrent suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and reinforcement of central antioxidant systems. These scientifically validate its traditional use.

Background: Allium cepa (Onion) is widely used as a flavored vegetable in various types of foods and against urinary system disorders, ear disorders, and injuries. Syzygium Aromaticum (clove) is used as a local anesthetic, also used against pain, rheumatological, and antioxidant problems. This study aimed to show the protective effects of the aqueous extract of the mixture of Onion and clove in the occurrence of a joint pathology such as osteoarthrosis. Methods: The animals were previously treated for two weeks with the aqueous extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) with the mixture of Allium cepa bulbs and Syzygium aromaticum spices, osteoarthrosis was induced with monoiodacetate (50 µL, intraarticular). Clinical, oxidative stress, inflammation, hematological and histological parameters were evaluated. Results: The mixture of Allium cepa bulbs and Syzygium aromaticum spices (200 mg/kg) protected the animals against the increase of sensitivity (80.78 %) and the swelling in the paw (85.27 %). Pre-treatment with the mixture of Allium cepa bulbs and Syzygium aromaticum spices has significantly protected animals by improving their locomotion. This mixture has prevented the negative variation of hematological parameters. Antioxidant effects were observed with an increase in SOD, CAT activity, GSH concentration, and reduction of MDA, NO levels. The mixture administered orally, preventively showed an anti-inflammatory effect by significantly reducing TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP9 concentrations, and MPO activity. In animals pretreated with the mixture, the knee joint appears healthy, thus showing a protective effect of the extract. Conclusion: The mixture of Allium cepa bulbs and Aromaticum syzygium spices is a constituent worthy of more in-depth study to determine whether it effectively modulates the complex inflammatory pathology of osteoarthritis according to its multiple multi-component actions.

Background: Drypetes gossweileri (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Cameroon to treat toothache, gastritis, and pain. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic effects of the aqueous (AEDG) and methanol (MEDG) stem bark extracts in a persistent inflammatory pain model induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Methods: Inflammatory pain was induced by intra-plantar injection of 50 µL of CFA into the left hind paw of rats. AEDG and MEDG were given orally (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for 14 days after CFA administration. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic effects were respectively measured using a digital caliper (paw edema), von Frey hair filaments (tactile allodynia), and a digital thermometer (fever). These parameters were recorded on 0, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 14th days before and after CFA injection. On day 15, animals were sacrificed, brain and spinal cord collected for the measurement of oxidative stress parameters such as Nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Results: Both AEDG and MEDG significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) increased pain threshold, decreased paw edema and fever in animals along the treatment. NO and MDA were significantly (p<0.001) reduced in dose-dependent manner with MEDG in rats' spinal cord. Furthermore, SOD and CAT activity were significantly and dose-dependently increased in both brain and spinal cord with AEDG and MEDG. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that AEDG and MEDG exhibit anti-inflammatory, antihypernociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities, which may be associated with their modulatory influence on oxidative stress markers. Keywords: antihypernociceptive; anti-inflammatory; antipyretic effects; antioxidative stress; Drypetes gossweileri; stem barks.

Objectives: Pain affects about one in every five persons and is considered a major global health burden. Hyphaene thebaica (Arecaceae), is a medicinal plant used in Cameroon, fruit pulp are macerated and orally administered in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including hypertension, pain, and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the pain-killing effect of fruit pulp extracts of H. thebaica in mice. Methods: Aqueous (AEHT) and methanol (MEHT) extracts were prepared from fruit pulp of H. thebaica , followed by a qualitative phytochemical analysis. The extracts were given orally at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in acute pain models such as acetic acid, formalin, hotplate, and capsaicin. Control groups included distilled water (negative), and diclofenac, morphine, ruthenium red, diazepam (positive). Naloxone pretreatment was used to assess opioid pathway involvement. Locomotor and sedative effects were evaluated using rota-rod and open-field tests. Acute toxicity was assessed at 2,000 mg/kg. Results: Phytochemical tests revealed saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols. Both extracts greatly decreased the writhing induced by acetic acid. MEHT inhibited both phases of formalin-induced pain (p<0.01). Both extracts significantly inhibited hotplate-induced nociception (p<0.001), partially reversed by naloxone, except for MEHT. In the capsaicin test, extracts produced a remarkable reduction of paw licking time (p<0.01). No motor coordination alteration or acute toxicity effects were observed. Conclusions: The findings demonstrated the analgesic activity of AEHT and MEHT, mediated by the stimulation of opioids and blockage of vanilloid receptors pathways.

This study investigated the effect of spirulina ethanolic extract (SEE) on the quality of ram semen during low-temperature liquid storage and the relationship between sperm features. Ejaculates were collected from five Djallonké rams, pooled, extended with Tris-egg yolk (TEY) enriched with 0 (control), 20 (SEE20), 40 (SEE40), and 80 µg/mL (SEE80) of SEE to reach the concentration of 200×106 spz/mL, and stored at 4 °C for 72 h. Extended semen samples were assessed for total motility, progressive motility, sperm motion characteristics, viability, membrane integrity, and morphology at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h of storage. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase, (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were measured at 72 h of storage. The enrichment of TEY with SEE at 40 and 80 µg/mL, improved sperm total motility at 48 and 72 h of storage (P

Petersianthus macrocarpus (Lecythidaceae) stem bark is traditionally used in West and Central Africa for the treatment of boils and pain. The present study examined the chemical composition of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of P. macrocarpus by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) . Their antinociceptive effect was evaluated using chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in a rat model. On the ninth day post-surgery, the pain perception (allodynia and hyperalgesia) of the animals was assessed after the administration of aqueous and methanolic extracts at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. In addition, the effect of the extracts was evaluated on nitric oxide activity and on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB). The LC–ESI–MS analysis revealed the presence of ellagic acid as the major constituent in the methanol extract. Both extracts at the employed doses (100 and 200 mg/kg), significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) reduced the spontaneous pain, tactile and cold allodynia, and mechanical hyperalgesia. The methanolic extract used at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the nitric oxide level (p < 0.001) and the gene expression levels of NF-κB (p < 0.05) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) in the brain. These data may indicate that stem bark extracts of P. macrocarpus possess a potent anti-hypernociceptive effect on CCI neuropathic pain. The inhibition of the nitric oxide pathway as well as the reduction in NF-κB and TNF-α gene expression in the brain may at least partially contribute to this effect. The results further support the use of this plant by traditional healers in pain conditions.

Background: Boerhavia coccinea (Nyctaginaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for the treatment of pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous (AEBC) and ethanol (EEBC) extracts of Boerhavia coccinea as well as the major fractions (F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ ) from EEBC. Methods: The antinociceptive effect of the extracts and fractions was evaluated using formalin test. AEBC, EEBC and F ₁ were selected and further evaluated acutely (24 h) and chronically (16 days) in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced persistent inflammatory pain for their antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. They were administered orally (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) from 48 h following the intraplantar injection of 100 µL of CFA. After the 16 days of chronic treatment, rats’ spinal cord and brain were collected for the evaluation of oxidative stress parameters namely nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Results: AEBC, EEBC and F ₁ significantly inhibited the first and second phases of the formalin-induced pain. They significantly reduced the hyperalgesia both in acute and chronic treatments. These extracts showed no acute anti-inflammatory effect. AEBC and EEBC exhibited anti-inflammatory activities after repeated administration. AEBC, EEBC and F ₁ significantly reduced MDA level and significantly increased SOD and catalase activities, mainly in the spinal cord. AEBC and EEBC also reduced the NO production in the spinal cord. Conclusions: Boerhavia coccinea extracts and F ₁ possess potent antinociceptive activity which is not related to their anti-inflammatory properties. Their antioxidant effects may contribute to these activities in chronic treatment.

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is known to adversely affect psychosocial functioning by enhancing levels of anxiety and depression. This study was designed to verify the antihypernociceptive, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects of Combretin A and Combretin B (two triterpenes cycloartane-type isolated from the leaves of Combretum fragrans) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in mice. PDN was induced in mice by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 200 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of oral administration of Combretin A (25 and 50 mg/kg) and Combretin B (25 and 50 mg/kg) on nociception (mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and chemical hyperalgesia), anxiety (elevated plus maze, light-dark box test, social interaction), and depressant (open field test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test) was evaluated. Combretin A (25 and 50 mg/kg) and Combretin B (25 and 50 mg/kg) caused antihypernociceptive, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects in in STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy in mice. Both compounds also caused a decrease in blood glucose and improved body weight in treated animals. They also significantly (p < 0.001) reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) production in serum and sciatic nerves, and, significantly (p < 0.001) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in serum, sciatic nerves, and brain. Combretin A and Combretin B also showed a great systemic effect, conserving values of evaluated parameters close to normal in treated mice. The results of this study confirm the antihypernociceptive, antianxiety, and antidepressant activities of Combretin A and Combretin B.

Background: Nauclea pobeguinii is a plant species found in the centre region of Cameroon. The stem bark of this plant is traditionally used to ease pain and cure inflammation. Method: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of doses 150 and 300 mg/kg of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts from Nauclea pobeguinii on acute pain, acute and chronic inflammation induced by formalin and arthritis induced by zymosan A in rats. Oxidative stress parameters such as catalase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were measured in rats subjected to chronic inflammation. The standard used was diclofenac at 5 mg/kg. Results: Aqueous extract as well as methanolic extract of Nauclea pobeguinii led to a significant reduction in the second phase of formalin induced pain with 54.22 and 48.02% of inhibition percentage, respectively. The formalin-induced inflammatory oedema was reduced by both extracts, and this effect remains significant until the tenth day of treatment. Equally, extracts significantly increased the catalase activity and inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum, brain and spinal cord and NO reduction only in serum. Both extracts significantly reduced the articular oedema induced by zymosan A for 6 h and for 5 days. Furthermore, the histological study of the articulations shows a non-altered synovial membrane and a small cartilage in all treated animals versus negative control group. Conclusions: From these results, it can be concluded that pain, inflammation and arthritic healing activities of both stem bark extracts were expressed in rats and could conciliate the use of this vegetable by traditional African healers.