Liam B. Cross

Directional force sensing is an intrinsic feature of tactile sensing. As technologies of exploratory robots evolve, with special emphasis on the emergence of soft robotics, it is crucial to equip robotic end-effectors with effective means of characterizing trends in force detection and grasping phenomena, while these trends are largely derived from networks of tactile sensors working together, individual sensors must be built to meet an intended function and maintain functionality with respect to environmental operating conditions. The harshness of underwater exploration imposes a unique set of circumstances onto the design of tactile sensors. When exposed to underwater conditions a tactile sensor must be able to withstand the effects of increased pressure paired with water intrusion while maintaining computational and mechanical integrity. Robotic systems designed for the underwater environment often become expensive and cumbersome. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and performance of a low-cost, soft-material sensor capable of multi-directional force detection. The fundamental design consists of four piezo-resistive flex elements offset at 90${}^{\circ }$ increments and encased inside of a hemispherical silicone membrane filled with a non-compressive and non-conductive fluid. The sensor is simulated numerically to characterize soft-material deformation and is experimentally interrogated with indentation equipment to investigate sensor-data patterns when subject to different contact forces. Furthermore, the sensor is subject to a cyclic loading test to analyze the effects of hysteresis in the silicone and is submerged underwater for a 7-day period to investigate any effect of water intrusion at a shallow depth. The outcome of this paper is the proposed design of a waterproofed, soft-material tactile sensor capable of directional force detection and contact force localization. The overall goal is to widen the scope of tactile sensor concepts outfitted for the underwater environment.