Xiaojiao Du

Exploring advanced strategies to overcome the sluggish activation kinetics of co-reactants and insufficient radical generation is pivotal for boosting electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing performance. Herein, an active radical-enriched ECL sensing platform for the ultrasensitive detection of isocarbophos (ICP) was fabricated by utilizing a synergistic vacancy-mediated adsorption-activation strategy coupled with a spatial confinement effect. Specifically, an oxygen-deficient titanium metal−organic framework (D-Ti MOF) was integrated as a robust co-reaction accelerator to trigger the emission of a pyrene-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (PSA-HOF). Mechanistic studies revealed that abundant oxygen vacancies in D-Ti MOF served as catalytic sites, lowering the activation barrier of peroxydisulfate (K2S2O8) and promoting targeted adsorption and O−O bond cleavage to generate a high flux of sulfate radicals (SO4•−). Meanwhile, the porous MOF architecture imposed nanoscale spatial confinement, enriching reactive intermediates at the electrode interface and reducing diffusional loss. Such a confinement-enabled interfacial microenvironment was further substantiated by kinetic analyses, which revealed that D-Ti MOF promoted S2O82− reduction and redirected the process from predominantly diffusion-controlled behavior toward an adsorption- and confinement-coupled pathway, thereby increasing the local availability and productive utilization of reactive intermediates. Leveraging an isocarbophos-specific split aptamer recognition strategy, the proposed ECL biosensor exhibited a broad linear range (10 fM to 0.1 μM), an ultralow detection limit (8.38 fM), excellent stability, remarkable selectivity and reproducibility, making it highly applicable for practical sample monitoring. This work offers a new perspective for advancing co-reactant-based ECL biosensors and proposes a novel design strategy for ultrasensitive ECL sensing platforms.

An interface engineering strategy is proposed that anchors a cobalt porphyrin-based monoatomic layer onto CdIn ₂ S ₄ nanosheets via Co–S bonds, forming a well-defined charge-asymmetrical axial CoS ₁ N ₄ configuration.

Atomically dispersed metal−nitrogen−carbon (M−N−C) catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to platinum-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, comprehensive and systematic reviews focusing on activity-enhancement engineering and stability-improvement strategies remain scarce, leading to an ambiguous understanding of the structure-activity-stability relationship. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes heteroatom doping engineering, and stability enhancement strategies, aiming to offering new insights to break the activity-stability trade-off. Firstly, the regulation mechanisms of heteroatom doping strategies on the electronic structure of active centers and ORR performance are discussed in depth. Specifically, this review encompasses the electronic modulation of the central metal via first coordination shell engineering, the structural optimization of the carbon support through second-shell doping, and the synergistic catalytic effects derived from multiheteroatom codoping. Then, the deactivation mechanisms of M–N–C catalysts are summarized, along with corresponding strategies for stability enhancement. Finally, future research directions for atomically dispersed M–N–C catalysts are proposed.

Efficient interfacial activation of co-reactants to generate sufficient radical intermediates is fundamental to constructing high-performance co-reactant-type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensing platforms. This work reported a microenvironment-engineered cathodic ECL strategy by integrating PSA-HOF as the luminophore with defect-engineered MIL-88B(Fe) as the co-reactant activation modulator for the sensitive detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Specifically, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid-regulated Pca-MIL-88B(Fe), as a defect-engineered material, generated coordinatively unsaturated, electron-deficient Fe centers with exceptional Lewis acidity. These defect-derived sites established an optimal interfacial microenvironment for persulfate activation by critically enhancing K2S2O8 enrichment, optimizing adsorption configuration, facilitating electron redistribution, and promoting O–O bond polarization. This collective action significantly lowered the cathodic driving force required for K2S2O8 reduction and accelerated SO4•– generation through a Lewis acid-mediated pathway, ultimately leading to a marked enhancement in cathodic ECL efficiency. As a result, the PSA-HOF/Pca-MIL-88B(Fe) composite exhibited an approximately threefold increase in ECL intensity compared with pristine PSA-HOF. Leveraging this efficient signal amplification mechanism, the developed aptasensor exhibited superior analytical performance with the assistance of PFOA aptamer, featuring a wide linear response range spanning from 10 fM to 1 μM and an ultralow detection limit of 9.8 fM, while also exhibiting outstanding stability, selectivity, and reproducibility. This work provided a robust physicochemical insight into defect-mediated co-reactant activation and paved the way for designing high-efficiency ECL emitters for environmental monitoring.

The growing demand for meat products has made quality and safety assessment a priority throughout production, processing, storage, distribution, and consumption. Meat quality encompasses sensory attributes, physicochemical properties, nutritional composition, microbial status, freshness, and safety-related characteristics. Conventional sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological methods provide reliable reference measurements, but they are generally time-consuming, labor-intensive, destructive, and unsuitable for real-time or online inspection. This review summarizes recent advances in non-destructive technologies for meat quality assessment, including spectroscopy, imaging and machine vision, odor and taste sensing, ultrasonic and electrical methods, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and multi-source information fusion. After outlining the fundamental principles and representative applications of each technology, this review further compares the types of sensing information they provide, the quality attributes they are suitable for assessing, their application scenarios, practical limitations, and model validation requirements. Current evidence indicates that these technologies have considerable potential for rapid screening, process monitoring, quality visualization, and intelligent evaluation. However, practical deployment still requires reliable reference measurements, representative calibration datasets, robust models, external validation, and standardization across instruments and production conditions. Future research should prioritize sensor miniaturization, calibration transfer, standardized datasets, explainable intelligent evaluation, and practically deployable multi-source fusion.

An efficient electrochemical ipso-nitration of aryl borides has been developed. Using Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O as the nitrating reagent and AcOH as a promoter, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions to afford nitroarenes within only 2 h. This protocol eliminates the need for stoichiometric oxidants, demonstrates broad functional group tolerance and scalability, and delivers nitroarenes in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies, including radical trapping and cyclic voltammetry experiments, support a nitro radical-involved pathway.

Sulfur vacancy-modified ZnIn ₂ S ₄ with enhanced molecular oxygen activation was employed to construct a high-performance electrochemiluminescence sensor.

Leveraging the Jahn–Teller effect, Mn-doping creates polarized active sites in Bi ₁₉ S ₂₇ Cl ₃ . This electronic restructuring enables efficient NIR-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of NO ₃ ⁻ to NH ₃ , achieving a rate of 132 µmol g ⁻¹ h ⁻¹ .

A non-precious metal MgIn ₂ intermetallic compound with plasmonic properties was developed for photocatalytic CO ₂ conversion to formic acid.