Antonio Saraiva Muniz

Maize is affected by soil acidity and nutritional limitations. An experiment was developed with the aim of evaluating the growth of maize in a P under different rates of soil corrective combined with different sources and application rates of phosphorus. Treatments consisted of sources of phosphorus triple superphosphate (TSP) and Arad natural phosphate (ANP) in four application rates of P and three levels of soil acidity. A randomized block experimental design was used with treatments in a factorial arrangement. The trial was conducted in greenhouse conditions in two subsequent growing periods. The maize was harvested, and the shoot dry matter weight, the relative dry matter weight, and the agronomic efficiency index were evaluated. ANP and TSP had a positive effect on the growth of maize plants grown in acid soil. The efficiency of ANP significantly declined when the value of V% of the soil was 70% and at pH in water higher than 6. TSP was superior to ANP at the different P application rates and soil acidity.

Context: In no-tillage agriculture, maintenance of soil cover combined with liming without incorporation increases nitrogen (N) loss via ammonia (NH3) volatilisation, decreasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilisers. Aims: To quantify N losses by NH3 volatilisation from conventional and enhanced efficiency fertilisers applied to a clayey and a sandy loam soil subjected or not to lime (CaCO3) application and straw mulching. Methods: Two laboratory experiments were carried out; one using a clayey soil, and the other using a sandy loam soil. Both experiments followed a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial design with four N sources (urea, urea-NBPT, urea-formaldehyde, and ammonium sulfate), absence and presence of liming, and absence and presence of Brachiaria ruziziensis straw mulching. NH3 volatilisation was measured using closed flasks containing filter paper soaked with sulfuric acid and quantified by titration with sodium hydroxide. Key results: NH3 volatilisation was up to 62% of the N applied. Losses due to NH3 volatilisation from both soil types decreased in the following order of treatment: liming + straw mulching > straw mulching only > liming only. Urea-formaldehyde and ammonium sulfate were the most efficient in reducing NH3 emissions. However, when ammonium sulfate was applied to a clayey soil after liming, it resulted in higher NH3 emissions than conventional urea. Conclusions: Urea-formaldehyde showed better performance in reducing NH3 losses due to greater stability in the presence of straw or liming. Implications: Soils with straw and limestone can lead to large NH3 volatilisation losses if urea conventional is broadcast.

Para avaliar o efeito do pH na disponibilidade do fósforo acumulado no solo pela aplicação de fertilizantes, nove amostras com diferentes teores de fósforo foram coletadas da camada 0-15 cm de latossolos...

Core Ideas: The joint use of analytical techniques helps us to better understand the characteristics and chemical processes that may influence the efficiency of fertilizers. Differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques are helpful in capturing the differences in compounds and mineral presence in fertilizers before and after application to the soil. Organomineral and inorganic fertilizers have different capacities to make P available in the soil. Different methods of organomineral fertilizer production result in different capacities to provide P, so that the granulation process resulted in lower P solubility than the granule mixture. Understanding the behavior of different organomineral phosphate fertilizers will help the delivery of available P to plants. We evaluated differences in the characteristics and P availability of granulated organomineral fertilizer (OG), an organomineral granule mixture (OM), and an inorganic granule mixture (MM) and their residues (OGr, OMr, and MMr, respectively) after four 35‐d cropping cycles. Soil‐available P content, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and soluble P content analyses of the fertilizers and residues were performed. The OM soil had higher available P content after the crops than those with OG and MM. The OGr had the highest total P, water‐soluble P, and P soluble in neutral ammonium citrate and water and a more intense DSC peak related to the remaining monoammonium phosphate than OMr and MMr, indicating that OG had the highest capacity to provide P over time. The XRD and FTIR analyses showed the predominance of aluminum phosphates and the possible formation of low‐solubility compounds in all residues. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a change in the characteristics of the organic matter of OG and OM after application, indicating that these fertilizers have different solubilities and capacities to make P available. The granulation process of OG results in lower capacity to provide P than the granule mixture used for OM. The joint use of several analytical techniques helps clarify fertilizers' characteristics and the chemical processes that influence their efficiency and may be helpful for improving the management and manufacture of organomineral phosphate fertilizers.

This research investigated the efficiency and residual effects of two solid organomineral fertilizers on corn (Zea mays L.) shoot dry matter (SDM), P uptake, P recovery index, P use efficiency index, accumulated SDM (ASDM), and total P uptake. This was a greenhouse pot study where organomineral‐granulated (OG) fertilizer, organomineral‐pelletized (OM) fertilizer, and inorganic fertilizer mix (MM) were tested on a Eutropherric Red Latossol clay soil (Oxisol). Phosphorus (P) rates were 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg⁻¹. Two plants were grown in each pot for 35 d before harvest; this cropping cycle was repeated consecutively four times on the same pots. Corn SDM for OM in the first cropping cycle was three times lower than for OG and MM at the highest P rate, was similar among all sources in the second and third cycles, and in the last cropping cycle was on average two times higher for the OM and MM compared with OG. Tissue P uptake was on average 50% greater for OM and MM than for OG. Corn ASDM and total P uptake were significantly greater (on average 35% for ASDM and 40% for total P uptake) with MM and OM than with OG for the majority of the rates. The P recovery index was the same in the first cropping cycle among all sources; however, it was significantly higher (60% on average) for MM and OM in the last two cycles than for OG. No difference in P use efficiency of corn plants was observed between fertilizer sources. Organomineral fertilizers made with different techniques yield fertilizers with different P availability. We observed a different residual effect among the mineral and organomineral fertilizers. The P release kinetics of the mineral fertilizer are different compared with the organomineral. The P content extracted by water in the fertilizers is the main index of the phosphate fertilizer efficiency.

Productivity and Structures of Marandu Grass Fertilized with Poultry Manure Both with and Without Soil Chiseling | InTechOpen, Published on: 2016-06-30. Authors: Edson Sadayuki Eguchi, Ulysses Cecato, Antonio Saraiva Muniz, et

Poultry manure and mechanical management may influence the distribution of nutrients in the soil profile. The objective was to evaluate physical and chemical changes in a soil with palisade grass ( Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) fertilized with doses of poultry manure with and without use of soil chiseling, after 180 days of application. The design was a randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement with five doses of manure (0, 1.073, 2.074, 4.148 and 6.222 Mg ha^-1), with and without soil chiseling at 0.20 m. Soil chiseling caused physical changes with an increase of macroporosity in the layer of 0-0.2 m and reduction in soil density and increase in macroporosity and total porosity in the layer of 0.2-0.4 m. With manure doses, pH in the layer of 0-0.1 m showed quadratic fit with maximum value of 7.2. The increases in Ca and Zn in the layer of 0-0.1 m were, respectively, 0.61 cmol_c dm^-3 and 2.99 mg dm^-3. In the interaction of Dose x Management, without soil chiseling, K showed a linear fit and increased 1.39 times; while in the interaction of Dose x Management, with soil chiseling in the layers of 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m, P increased by 8.10 and 3.95 mg dm^-3, respectively. In the contrast between the dose zero and manure dose, there was significance for pH, Ca, P and Zn in the layer of 0-0.1 m.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and chemical characteristics of Marandu grass fertilized with poultry manure with or without the use of soil chiseling, during a period of 210 days. The experiment was conducted in a Dark-Red Latosol (Haplustox) of sandy texture, in a randomized block design with 4 replicates, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme (0, 1.037, 2.074, 4.148, 6.222 t ha^-1 of poultry manure and an additional treatment with chemical fertilizer based on 2.074 t ha^-1, with and without soil chiseling). Grass-cutting management was performed between 95% of light interception by the canopy and the residual height of 0.15 m. The application of poultry manure resulted in an increase of forage production with higher number of cuts (NC). A linear model described the effect of the applied manure doses on dry matter accumulation (DMA), stems + sheaths (SS) and dead material (DM). There was significant interaction between manure doses and soil managements for leaf blade (LB), with greater variations in the treatment without soil chiseling. For plant chemical evaluation, a negative effect of poultry manure was observed on the contents of Ca, Mg, N, S, Mn and Zn, which may be due to the increased number of cuts. Poultry manure positively changed the production of Marandu grass.

Conduziu-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração de metais pesados no solo, provenientes de resíduos orgânicos, bem como a ocorrência de fitotoxicidade de metais em soja. Os metais no solo foram extraídos por ácidos orgânicos, comumente presentes na rizosfera das plantas. A soja foi cultivada sucessivamente, durante oito anos, e recebeu repetidamente, a aplicação dos resíduos de origem urbana, como lodo de esgoto biodigerido (LB) e lodo de esgoto centrifugado (LC), e de origem industrial, como escória de aciaria (E) e a lama cal (LCal). O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisolo) na UNESP, Botucatu, SP, onde recebeu os resíduos nas doses de zero (controle) 2, 4, e 8 Mg ha-1, antes da semeadura da soja, de 2002 a 2010, a cada dois anos, totalizando quatro aplicações. Nas profundidades analisadas de 0 a 0,10 m e de 0,10 a 0,20 m, ficou evidente que o resíduo que mais acrescentou metais ao solo e às folhas e grãos da soja, foi o LB, aumentando a concentração de Ni, Cd, Pb e Zn, enquanto que nos tratamentos em que se aplicou a escória (E), o principal metal liberado ao solo foi o Cr. A aplicação da LCal não aumentou a concentração dos metais e a soja apresentou uma concentração de Cr, Ni e Zn acima dos limites máximos permitidos para grãos alimentícios, quando recebeu LB, principalmente na dose de 8,0 Mg ha-1.

The time, dose and applied nutrients in corn have a direct effect on its productivity. Therefore, the objective was to study the application of N and S in corn as ammonium sulfate, in succession to wheat and oats and evaluate different forms of fertilizer management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in Oxisol (Hapludox). The five treatments with N, at a dose of 120 kg ha-1 were applied in 20 plots (5x4), according to the management of fertilizer: T1-N (120 kg ha-1) full at sowing, T2-N (120 kg ha-1) total coverage; T3 –N (40 kg ha-1) at sowing and N (80 kg ha-1) in coverage; T4-N advance in wheat sowing and sowing oats (120 kg ha-1), T5- (control). The S doses were corresponding to their concentrations in the fertilizer. Only wheat received a dose of 24 kg N ha-1 at sowing all plots and oats received 24 kg N ha- 1 at sowing only the portions related to treatment with anticipation of corn N ( T4 ). We evaluated the biomass production of winter crops (oats and wheat), according to the fertilization at sowing, and also the influence of winter crops and management of ammonium sulfate, the corn yield. The oats produced more dry matter in relation to wheat, positively influencing the corn yield, regardless of fertilizer management. The anticipation of ammonium sulfate, the sowing of oats, was favorable to corn yield, equating to other forms of management of fertilizer. Rotation corn and oats, forms management, ammonium sulphate, at seeding, topdressing or applied in split were equally efficient in corn yields.A época de aplicação, a dose e as fontes de nutrientes fornecidos ao milho têm um efeito direto na sua produtividade. Por isso, objetivou-se estudar a aplicação de N e S no milho, como sulfato de amônio, em sucessão ao trigo e a aveia e, avaliar as diferentes formas de manejo do fertilizante. O experimento foi sob o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Hapludox). Os tratamentos com N, na dose de 120 kg ha-1, foram aplicados em 20 parcelas (5x4), de acordo com o manejo do fertilizante: T1-N (120 kg ha-1) total na semeadura; T2-N (120 kg ha-1) total em cobertura; T3-N parcelado (40 kg ha-1) na semeadura e N (80 kg ha-1) em cobertura; T4-N antecipadamente na semeadura do trigo e na semeadura da aveia (120 kg ha-1); T5-testemunha (controle). As doses de S foram correspondentes à sua concentração no fertilizante. Somente o trigo recebeu a dose de 24 kg ha-1 de N na semeadura em todas as parcelas e a aveia recebeu 24 kg há-1 de N na semeadura somente nas parcelas referentes ao tratamento com antecipação do N do milho (T4). Foram avaliadas a produção de massa seca das culturas de inverno (aveia e trigo), em função da adubação na semeadura, e também a influência das culturas de inverno e do manejo do sulfato de amônio, na produtividade do milho. A aveia produziu mais massa seca em relação ao trigo, influenciando positivamente na produtividade do milho em sucessão, independente do manejo do fertilizante. Na rotação milho e aveia, as formas de manejo, com sulfato de amônio, na semeadura, em cobertura ou aplicado de forma parcelada foram igualmente eficientes na produtividade do milho. A antecipação do sulfato de amônio, na semeadura da aveia, foi favorável à produtividade do milho, equiparando-se às outras formas de manejo do fertilizante