Thibault Houles

E4F1 est un facteur de transcription liant l'ADN, exprimé de façon ubiquitaire par tous les tissus, et qui possède une activité E3 ubiquitine ligase atypique dirigée contre le suppresseur de tumeur p53. La protéine E4F1 interagit directement avec plusieurs suppresseurs de tumeurs cellulaires et des oncogènes viraux (p53, pRb, DRAL, RASSF1A, p19ARF, BMI1, HBX et GAM1...), suggérant qu’elle est elle-même impliquée dans la tumorigenèse. La perte d’E4F1 dans des fibroblastes embryonnaires (Mefs) transformés ou dans des cellules de sarcomes histiocytaires déficientes pour la voie p53, entraine la mort de ces cellules. La même inactivation d'E4F1 dans les cellules normales n'affecte pas leur survie mais entraine un arrêt de prolifération. Des analyses transcriptomiques et de liaison à l'ADN à l'échelle du génome entier (ChIP-seq et analyses différentielles des transcriptomes de cellules E4F1 WT et KO) nous ont permis d’identifier une centaine de gènes liés et régulés directement par E4F1. Ces gènes codent notamment pour des protéines mitochondriales impliquées dans le métabolisme et l'homéostasie de cette organelle, dont plusieurs composants et régulateurs de l'enzyme multimérique, pyruvate déshydrogénase. Un second groupe de gênes cibles d’E4F1 est impliqué dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN, dont le gène codant pour la kinase CHK1 qui joue un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle de la stabilité du génome. En accord avec la fonction de ces gènes cibles, la perte d’E4F1 entraine des perturbations du métabolisme cellulaire et des checkpoints de réponse aux stress génotoxiques. Dans les cellules déficientes pour la voie p53, ces perturbations conduisent à des stress oxydatifs (surproduction de ROS mitochondriaux) et énergétiques, suivis de dommages aux protéines et à l'ADN, et in fine, à une mort cellulaire massive. Dans les cellules compétentes pour la voie p53 ces altérations sont fortement atténuées et conduisent à un arrêt de la prolifération. Une partie des effets protecteurs de p53 est due à sa capacité à stimuler l'expression du gène ALDH4a1 qui code pour une aldehyde dehydrogenase impliquée dans le catabolisme de la proline et dont l'activité possède des propriétés anti-oxydantes.Mes travaux mettent également en évidence que le niveau d'expression de la protéine E4F1 et son activité augmentent lors de la transformation cellulaire ainsi qu'en réponse à des stress énergétiques, génotoxiques ou oxydatifs. Dans ces trois dernières conditions, la phosphorylation d'E4F1 est également augmentée au niveau de plusieurs sérines qui ont été identifiées par spectrométrie de masse. En résumé, tous ces éléments indiquent qu'E4F1 est un acteur important du contrôle de l'homéostasie métabolique et de la réponse aux stress, particulièrement essentiel pour la survie des cellules cancéreuses déficientes pour la voie p53. Mes observations suggèrent également qu'E4F1 est activé en réponse à différents stress et qu'il pourrait jouer un rôle essentiel dans la capacité des cellules cancéreuses à s'adapter aux multiples stress environnementaux auxquels elles sont exposées au cours de la tumorigenèse.

Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identify the deubiquitinating enzyme USP17 as a critical regulator of β-catenin stability and activity in CRC. We demonstrate that USP17 directly interacts with and deubiquitinates β-catenin, preventing its degradation and enhancing its stability. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of USP17 in CRC-derived cell lines significantly reduced β-catenin levels and suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by distinct morphological changes and altered expression of classical EMT markers. USP17 depletion reduced the proliferation of CRC cell lines and impaired CRC tumor growth in vivo. Conversely, USP17 overexpression in immortalized rat enterocytes elevated β-catenin levels and enhanced KRAS-induced cell proliferation. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomic analysis of USP17-depleted CRC cells revealed significant suppression of the transcriptional coactivator function of β-catenin, impacting key oncogenic-related pathways. Our findings establish USP17 as a key regulator of β-catenin signaling and highlight its potential as a candidate therapeutic target in CRC.

CDK12 is a transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) that interacts with cyclin K to regulate different aspects of gene expression. The CDK12-cyclin K complex phosphorylates several substrates, including RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and thereby regulates transcription elongation, RNA splicing, as well as cleavage and polyadenylation. Because of its implication in cancer, including breast cancer and melanoma, multiple pharmacological inhibitors of CDK12 have been identified to date, including THZ531 and SR-4835. While both CDK12 inhibitors affect Poll II phosphorylation, we found that SR-4835 uniquely promotes cyclin K degradation via the proteasome. Using loss-of-function genetic screening, we found that SR-4835 cytotoxicity depends on a functional CUL4-RBX1-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex. Consistent with this, we show that DDB1 is required for cyclin K degradation, and that SR-4835 promotes DDB1 interaction with the CDK12-cyclin K complex. Docking studies and structure-activity relationship analyses of SR-4835 revealed the importance of the benzimidazole side-chain in molecular glue activity. Together, our results indicate that SR-4835 acts as a molecular glue that recruits the CDK12-cyclin K complex to the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex to target cyclin K for degradation.

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and considered intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy. Nearly all melanomas harbor mutations that activate the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which contributes to drug resistance via poorly described mechanisms. Herein we show that the RAS/MAPK pathway regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12), which is a transcriptional CDK required for genomic stability. We find that melanoma cells harbor constitutively high CDK12 activity, and that its inhibition decreases the expression of long genes containing multiple exons, including many genes involved in DNA repair. Conversely, our results show that CDK12 inhibition promotes the expression of short genes with few exons, including many growth-promoting genes regulated by the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors. Inhibition of these pathways strongly synergize with CDK12 inhibitors to suppress melanoma growth, suggesting promising drug combinations for more effective melanoma treatment.

E4F1 is essential for early embryonic mouse development and for controlling the balance between proliferation and survival of actively dividing cells. We previously reported that E4F1 is essential for the survival of murine p53-deficient cancer cells by controlling the expression of genes involved in mitochondria functions and metabolism, and in cell-cycle checkpoints, including CHEK1, a major component of the DNA damage and replication stress responses. Here, combining ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq approaches, we identified the transcriptional program directly controlled by E4F1 in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer cells (TNBC). E4F1 binds and regulates a limited list of direct target genes (57 genes) in these cells, including the human CHEK1 gene and, surprisingly, also two other genes encoding post-transcriptional regulators of the ATM/ATR-CHK1 axis, namely, the TTT complex component TTI2 and the phosphatase PPP5C, that are essential for the folding and stability, and the signaling of ATM/ATR kinases, respectively. Importantly, E4F1 also binds the promoter of these genes in vivo in Primary Derived Xenograft (PDX) of human TNBC. Consequently, the protein levels and signaling of CHK1 but also of ATM/ATR kinases are strongly downregulated in E4F1-depleted TNBC cells resulting in a deficiency of the DNA damage and replicative stress response in these cells. The E4F1-depleted cells fail to arrest into S-phase upon treatment with the replication-stalling agent Gemcitabine, and are highly sensitized to this drug, as well as to other DNA-damaging agents, such as Cisplatin. Altogether, our data indicate that in breast cancer cells the ATM/ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway and DNA damage-stress response are tightly controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level by E4F1.

Ribosome biogenesis lies at the nexus of various signaling pathways coordinating protein synthesis with cell growth and proliferation. This process is regulated by well-described transcriptional mechanisms, but a growing body of evidence indicates that other levels of regulation exist. Here we show that the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway stimulates post-transcriptional stages of human ribosome synthesis. We identify RIOK2, a pre-40S particle assembly factor, as a new target of the MAPK-activated kinase RSK. RIOK2 phosphorylation by RSK stimulates cytoplasmic maturation of late pre-40S particles, which is required for optimal protein synthesis and cell proliferation. RIOK2 phosphorylation facilitates its release from pre-40S particles and its nuclear re-import, prior to completion of small ribosomal subunits. Our results bring a detailed mechanistic link between the Ras/MAPK pathway and the maturation of human pre-40S particles, which opens a hitherto poorly explored area of ribosome biogenesis.

Ribosome biogenesis lies at the nexus of various signaling pathways coordinating protein synthesis with cell growth and proliferation. This process is regulated by well-described transcriptional mechanisms, but a growing body of evidence indicates that other levels of regulation exist. Here we show that the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway stimulates post-transcriptional stages of human ribosome synthesis. We identify RIOK2, a pre-40S particle assembly factor, as a new target of the MAPK-activated kinase RSK. RIOK2 phosphorylation by RSK promotes cytoplasmic maturation of late pre-40S particles, which is required for optimal protein synthesis and cell proliferation. RIOK2 phosphorylation facilitates its release from pre-40S particles and its nuclear re-import, prior to completion of small ribosomal subunits. Our results bring a detailed mechanistic link between the Ras/MAPK pathway and the maturation of human pre-40S particles, which open a hitherto poorly explored area of ribosome biogenesis.