Mohamed Ali

Cancer is a major worldwide health issue, with rising prevalence and limitations to traditional chemotherapy demanding the development of innovative, selective anticancer drugs. Schiff bases have emerged as promising candidates due to their diverse biological and anticancer activities. The present study aims to emphasize the chemical identity and anticancer activity of (E)-4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl) benzene-sulfonamide; SB1 and 4-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamide); SB2. The structural identity was determined by FTIR 460 PLUS and ¹ H NMR spectra. The cytotoxicity of SB1 and SB2 were evaluated using MTT against various human cancer cells including HCT116, MCF-7, A549, HepG2, T24 compared to WI-38 cells. Additional further studies on MCF-7 and HCT116 cells, including Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection, ROS generation, DNA fragmentation, and Topoisomerase I and II inhibition, were carried out to clarify their modes of action. Molecular docking studies were performed to predict how the produced compounds attached to certain target proteins linked to cancer, shedding light on their putative molecular mechanisms of action. The results showed that the IC ₅₀ of MCF-7, treated with SB1, exhibited the strongest antiproliferative effect (66.27 ± 1.14 µg/mL), followed by HCT116 (90.01 ± 0.12 µg/mL), A549 cells (91.5 ± 2.06 µg/mL), T24 (192.28 ± 1.12 µg/mL), and HepG-2 cells (240.08 ± 3.83 µg/mL). Furthermore, SB2 had the highest antiproliferative activity of MCF-7 (59.61 ± 1.59 µg/mL), followed by HCT116 (48.65 ± 2.12 µg/mL), A549 cells (68.56 ± 1.6 µg/mL), T24 (216.13 ± 0.7 µg/mL), and HepG-2 cells (120.53 ± 2.62 µg/mL). Moreover, SB1 and SB2 cause oxidative stress and apoptosis in cancer cells compared to the control. The molecular docking results showed that the Schiff bases have strong in vitro antineoplastic action and have high binding affinities for key proteins involved in cancer progression. These findings highlight the value of these two compounds of Schiff base derivatives as lead molecules in the development of tailored anticancer drugs.

Ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy. In this study, Mg-doped copper ferrite NPs, MgₓCu₁₋ₓFe ₂ O ₄ (x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0), were synthesized via a citrate–nitrate combustion method and evaluated for their anticancer potential. Structural and morphological characteristics were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines was assessed using MTT and flow cytometry assays, along with analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis. Among the compositions studied, Cu _0.5 Mg _0.5 Fe ₂ O ₄ demonstrated the highest cytotoxic efficacy, with IC₅₀ values of 17.2 ± 0.15 µg/mL (PC-3) and 25.04 ± 0.28 µg/mL (Caco-2). Flow cytometric analysis revealed increased total apoptosis of 42.08% and 34.95% in PC-3 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of Bcl-2 and Cyclin D and upregulation of BAX, P53, and Caspase-3, indicating ROS-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The enhanced anticancer activity of Cu _0.5 Mg _0.5 Fe ₂ O ₄ is attributed to its optimized size, surface charge, and composition, which promote cellular uptake, ROS generation, DNA damage, and interactions with cellular components. These findings highlight the potential of mixed-metal ferrite nanoparticles as effective nanomaterial-based cancer therapeutics.

Adipose mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes and the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast (ROF) are investigated as potential treatments for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The exosomes are extracted and analyzed using electron microscopy and flow cytometry, then employed with ROF for in vivo implantation in a CKD animal model. Animals aredivided into seven groups. Group (I) Control; (II) exosomes; (III) ROF; (IV) Adriamycin (ADR); (V) ADR + exosomes, (VI) ADR + ROF, and (VII) ADR + Exosomes+ ROF. Biochemical serum indicators (creatinine, BUN), antioxidant status (GSH, MDA), and the mRNA expressions of TGF‐β1, Smad3, IL‐6, BAX, Wnt‐7, FN, and miRNA145‐5p are determined using qRT‐PCR. Histology assessment using H&E staining, ultrastructural observation using TEM, and protein expression in kidney tissue (FN1 and BAX) are assessed. The isolated exosomes showed cup‐shaped morphologyand expressed CD81, CD9, and CD63. Exosomes and ROF increased glutathione (GSH) levels while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Further, ROF and exosomes treatment lowered the expression of the apoptotic indicators BAX, the fibrotic markers TGFβ1, Smad3, Wnt7a, and FN1, and the inflammatory marker IL6, and increased the expression of miRNA‐145. Moreover, ROF and exosomes improved histological and ultrastructural examination. In conclusion, exosomes and ROF can protect against CKD by reducing apoptosis and fibrosis.

The final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains an irreversible condition, with dialysis and transplantation as the only treatment options. Recently, 3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising strategy for bioengineering renal constructs capable of restoring damaged kidney. A critical challenge in this approach is the development of a kidney‐specific bioink that provides an optimal biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment to support renal cell organization, maturation, and functional restoration. In this study, a kidney‐derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink (kdECMMA) to facilitate renal tissue bioprinting is utilized. The kdECMMA bioink exhibits excellent printability, structural integrity, and biological characteristics. Human kidney cells encapsulated within the bioprinted kdECMMA constructs demonstrate high viability and progressive maturation over time. To evaluate its in vivo feasibility, bioprinted renal constructs into the kidneys of nude rats are implanted. After 1 and 2 months, the implanted constructs display newly formed glomerular‐ and tubular‐like structures, with human‐specific markers confirming the integration of human cells within these formations. Particularly, renal tissue formation is also observed in cell‐free kdECMMA constructs, suggesting the recruitment of host renal progenitor cells into the implantation site. These findings highlight the potential of kdECMMA bioinks in creating a kidney‐specific microenvironment conducive to renal regeneration.

Microbial polysaccharides are a significant group of functional phytochemicals. Numerous studies have shown the advantageous pharmacological impacts of polysaccharides, including their effectiveness against cancer. A halophilic bacterial strain obtained from coastal sediments produced exopolysaccharides (EPS). The strain was morphologically recognized and further confirmed as Bacillus cereus strain MSS1 using 16S rDNA analysis, with accession number OR133726. The heteropolysaccharides were purified and fractionated with a DEAE-cellulose column, and the preliminary chemical analysis of the most potent fraction (EPSMSS1) indicated that the four different monosaccharides were mannuronic acid, xylose, fructose, and glucuronic acid, with a molar ratio of 1:1:2:0.5, respectively. The highest production was 12.76 g/l using a Box-Behnken design. It showed antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and antibiofilm activity. The 3D architecture of the EPSMSS1 of Bacillus cereus strain MSS1 is being described, predicted, and aligned against other bacterial species. These studies offer valuable insights into optimizing efficiency. Therefore, the EPSMSS1 fraction was shown to have anticancer activity and significant anticancer activities in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 20.1 µg/ml. Subsequently, various apoptotic markers, such as cytochrome c, BAX, BCl2, and the BAX/BCL2 ratio, were assessed. Our findings demonstrate that EPSMSS1 triggers the activation of apoptotic protein BAX, enhances the generation of cytochrome c, reduces the expression of antiapoptotic protein BCl2, and distorts the BAX/BCL2 ratio in EPSMSS1-treated HCT-116 cells relative to untreated cells. The anticancer efficacy of EPSMSS1 was verified through the assessment of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry. It has been found that EPSMSS1 pauses the cell cycle in the G1/S phase, causing apoptosis. The main motivation behind this study was EPSMSS1, an innovative marine polysaccharide with remarkable biological activity, especially anti-cancer properties.

Background: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), an FDA-approved antimicrobial agent, is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin-dependent) (T1DM) is characterized by the selective destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta. Asprosin and Gremlin-1 may have roles in T1DM, however these roles are not fully established. The expression of Asprosin and Gremlin-1 genes and their protein levels, was considerably higher in T1DM patients’ blood compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The area under the curve of 50 age- and sex-matched control persons was compared to that of serum T1DM patients. Gremlin-1 and Asprosin serum quantities were measured by ELISA, and real-time PCR was used to evaluate the expression of their genes in peripheral blood. Serum Asprosin concentration, Asprosin expression, serum Gremlin-1 concentration, and Gremlin-1 expression were 0.87, 0.997, 0.912, and 0.949, respectively. The Asprosin expression was the best marker for T1DM diagnosis with 96% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and 94% accuracy. Asprosin expression can significantly increase the risk of T1DM by 276 folds, followed by Gremlin-1 expression by 84.33 folds. The best diagnostic for T1DM diagnosis was Asprosin expression, which had 96% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and 94% accuracy. The risk of type 1 diabetes can be raised by 276 times when asprosin expression is present, and by 84.33 times when Gremlin-1 expression is present.