María Jesús García-García

Monitoring the quality of lentic inland waters is essential for assessing ecosystem health, supporting sustainable water-resource management, and informing environmental policy. Although not originally designed for aquatic applications, the Landsat programme has become a cornerstone of inland water-quality remote sensing owing to its five-decade observational legacy, moderate spatial resolution, global coverage, and open-access archive. This systematic review synthesises 229 studies published between 1983 and 2026 to examine how the technological legacy of Landsat has shaped the evolution of lentic inland water-quality remote sensing. Web of Science and Scopus were systematically searched up to 10 June 2026 for studies using Landsat imagery to assess water-quality parameters in lentic inland waters. Riverine and coastal studies, reviews, non-English publications, and studies without an eligible Landsat-based water-quality assessment were excluded. Extracted evidence was qualitatively synthesized according to sensor, water-quality parameter, methodological approach, study period, geographic region, water-body type, and application. The synthesis reveals a transition from predominantly empirical approaches using the Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper to greater bio-optical sensitivity and methodological diversification with the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and OLI-2, together with increased scientific production following the 2008 Landsat Open Data Policy. The review also identifies key limitations related to sensors, the environment, the atmosphere, data, and methodological limitations that continue to restrict model transferability and operational implementation. Building on these findings, we introduce the Landsat-to-Global Freshwater Intelligence Framework to guide more transferable and interoperable freshwater monitoring. No formal review protocol was prepared or registered.

From chronological, constructive and heritage conservation points of view the Roman bridge of Alcántara (Spain) is an exceptional bridge. Erected around 103 AD on the Tagus River, it is still in use today for road traffic. Recently, the construction of a new bridge 200 meters upstream from the old one, intended to relegate the old bridge to pedestrian use, has been promoted. The examination of the new project and its long administrative procedure, as well as the analysis of the characteristics of the Roman bridge and its surroundings, both from a territorial and social point of view, provide a foothold to assess the new bridge according to a broad conception of heritage conservation. The objective of this work is to underline the unique history of the conservation of this bridge and, while presenting proposed solution for the new bridge, to highlight the patrimonial conditions that have been taken into account. The conclusion is that the administrative procedure followed in order to choose the solution and the project for the new Alcántara bridge are not adequate to the characteristics of such an outstanding monument.

El presente artículo traza una revisión de lo que actualmente se entiende por ciencia, arte y tecnología para poder mostrar cómo la ingeniería moderna y en particular la ingeniería civil, es un compendio de los tres componentes, siendo el medio necesario para la sostenibilidad ambiental y social hoy requeridas. La ingeniería se enfrenta a problemas y sigue un método, que no es exclusivamente científico. Necesita la aproximación al arte y el ingeniero debe contar con una formación humanística, de contenido humano significativo, que lo proteja del excesivo tecnicismo ya que se mueve en el entorno de lo real, no del laboratorio. La investigación bibliográfica y documental de la historia de los distintos conceptos permite pensar la ingeniería desde la filosofía y tiene como objetivo proponer que la llamada perspectiva CATI³ (Ciencia-Arte-Tecnología-Ingeniería) sea el vehículo de aproximación al concepto de ingeniería e interpretar sus relaciones con la tecnología, el arte y la ciencia en su proyección a la sociedad.

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Existe un debate creciente en torno a la estética en la ingeniería y a que esta disciplina no se encuentre entre aquellas consideradas como arte (Literatura, Música, Danza, Arquitectura, etc.). Más allá de las categorías clásicas, el presente trabajo arroja otra perspectiva acerca del por qué la obra de ingeniería no se considera una obra de arte. Metodológicamente se sigue como eje la entrevista inédita realizada a Julio Martínez Calzón, englobada en el trabajo colaborativo desarrollado entre los meses de Enero y Junio de 2021, y que ha dado lugar a un escrito crítico según el hilo conductor de la Historia de la Estética en las seis ideas de Tatarkiewicz. Se identificarán las dificultades que tiene la obra de ingeniería en la apreciación de sus valores estéticos para la consideración como obra de arte por parte de la sociedad. Las conclusiones del trabajo apuntan a que el elemento ingenieril, posee recursos sobrados para sortear dichas dificultades e introducirse en el camino de la sensibilidad que conduce a lo artístico.

We used a time series of Secchi disk values retrieved from Landsat 5 images to study temporal and spatial patterns of water quality across gravel pit ponds located in Madrid, Spain from 1984 to 2009. There is a seasonal behavior in the water quality, with higher values of Secchi disks in autumn and winter (December–February) and lower values in summer (July–August), which can be explained by the relationship between Secchi disk values and temperature and solar radiation. We found that the 1994 administrative declaration of the regional park has had a positive impact on the water quality. The trophic state of the studied pit ponds has slowly improved, though the ponds have not reached the oligotrophic state.

This article provides a critical study of a New European Bauhaus initiative in the context of transversality, relational nature and sustainability of construction, architecture and civil engineering. Social and environmental factors in this ecosystem of innovation are highlighted, as well as the perspectives of actors within it. The relationships between art, technology and science of historical Bauhaus are assessed. The investigation of transversality was carried out using a visual tool developed by the authors, CATI, considering sustainability as the backbone. The New European Bauhaus is a pool of innovation that is supported by governments, academia, industry, society and the (natural) environment. It aims at social, environmental and cultural sustainability and includes ideas of social transformation. It is necessary to absorb the impact and overwhelming cultural consequences of previous and current Industrial Revolutions, principally relying on cyber–physical systems to generate spaces and collective intelligence. The climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the need for new approaches, expanding the concept of smart cities to smart territories, taking into account participation in society and general inclusivity.