Abdullah Al Mahmud

Purpose: Ectoparasitic infestations pose a major threat to non-descriptive village chickens (NDVCs) and could result in economic losses. However, systematic data regarding the ectoparasitic burden on NDVCs in central Bangladesh remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to map the ectoparasitic landscape, estimate the prevalence and intensity of various ectoparasite species, and identify associated risk factors in NDVCs.Research Method: A cross-sectional study involving the systematic examination of 225 NDVCs was conducted. Ectoparasites were collected from NDVCs and identified through direct visual inspection or specific methods used to study the parasites’ biology, followed by microscopic identification. The prevalence of ectoparasites and their associations with host age, sex, and season were determined using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratios.Findings and Values: The overall ectoparasite prevalence was 99.11% (223), with six lice and four mite species recorded. The prevalence of Menacanthus stramineus (94.22%), Menopon gallinae (89.78%), Lipeuris caponis (83.11%), Cuclotogaster heterographus (32%), Goniodes gigas (32%), Goniocotes gallinae (29.78%), Knemidocoptes mutans (45.33%), Dermanyssus gallinae (11.56%), Ornithonyssus bursa (11.56%), and Megninia spp. (9.78%). Megninia spp. identified for the first time in Bangladesh. Results showed 65% of chickens had a single lice species, and 45% had mixed infestations. Ectoparasite infestation on the chicken was not linked to age or sex, but showed a significant seasonal difference in mite infestation (p<0.05%). These results provide baseline data on the ectoparasitic burden in NDVCs, highlighting specific parasite threats. Furthermore, the results will aid in developing targeted parasite control strategies to boost the productivity of local NDVCs’ farming systems.

Soybean oil (SO) is used worldwide, whereas mustard oil (MO) consumption is generally limited to South Asia. Nevertheless, the organ-damaging effects of these substances at multiple doses over time have not been well studied. This study evaluated the hematobiochemical and histopathological effects of SO and MO in a mouse model. A total of 84 male Swiss albino mice, aged 5 weeks, were divided into seven groups (n=12 each): a control group (C) given pellets, and six treatment groups (S1-S3 and M1-M3) administered escalating doses of SO or MO at 15, 25, and 35 ml/kg for 60 days. Following euthanasia, blood samples were examined for hematological and biochemical parameters using standard assays. The hearts, livers, and kidneys were collected for measurement and then prepared for histopathology using H&E staining. The hematobiochemical parameters were significantly elevated in all treated groups when compared to the control group (P<0.05). The most significant changes were observed in the M3 group, except for HDL, which showed more pronounced differences in S1. Organ weights were also significantly increased in the treated groups. Histopathological examination revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with inflammatory cell infiltration in the S3 group and fat accumulation in the M2 and M3 hearts. Degenerative and apoptotic hepatocytes with vacuolation were observed in the livers, whereas congested arteries were observed in the kidneys. These findings highlight the risks of excess SO and MO intake related to obesity and organ toxicity, suggesting moderation in their use in diets.

Ascaridia galli is responsible for weight loss, emaciation, anemia, decreased egg production, and in severe cases, intestinal obstruction and death in chickens, resulting in significant economic losses for the poultry industry. This study aimed to assess the present status of Ascaridia galli in backyard chickens in Gazipur district. Additionally, the study examined histopathological changes in the intestines and livers of chickens heavily infested with this nematode. Postmortem examination, helminth collection and identification were conducted on 237 backyard chickens from March 2023 to February 2024. The overall prevalence was found to be 40.51%, with Kaliakair upazila showing the highest prevalence at 55.26%, while Sreepur upazila had the lowest at 27.08%. Factors such as season, sex, and age significantly influenced the incidence of ascariasis in backyard chickens. Adults exhibited the highest occurrence rate at 44.88%, with males (44.19%) showing a greater prevalence than females (36.22%). The highest incidence was recorded in the summer at 57.14%. In cases of severe infection, Ascaridia galli obstructs the small intestine, leading to inflamed, hemorrhagic intestines that produce excess mucus. The livers of the infected chickens appeared swollen, enlarged, and pale, with signs of congestion, hemorrhage, and inflammation. Histopathological analysis revealed hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestines, along with damaged and lacerated intestinal tissues. The livers showed congestion, ruptured blood vessels, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In conclusion, this study identifies potential risk factors associated with Ascaridia galli infection in backyard chickens in Gazipur district, offering insights that could aid in controlling and preventing such infections.

A fracture refers to the occurrence of a break or interruption in the bone. The prevalence of long bone fractures in cats is on the rise due to the expanding population of domestic felines. The femur accounts for approximately 50.82% of long bone fractures, followed by the tibia-fibula at 29.05%, the radius-ulna at 10.61%, and the humerus at 9.5%. Motor vehicle accidents are the majority of fracture causes, accounting for 42.55% of cases. In contrast, dog biting, falls, and other accidents contribute to 12.76%, 4.25%, and 6.38% of fractures, correspondingly. Numerous treatments exist for managing fractures, including cerclage and Kirschner (K) wires, external skeletal fixation (ESF), bone plates, intramedullary pins, interlocking nail implantation, and the utilization of a combination bone plate-intramedullary pin construct, etc. The bone plating system is a modern and efficient method of internal fixing. There are many plating technologies that may be utilized for the purpose of correcting long bone fractures in felines such as dynamic compression plates (DCP), limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP), veterinary cuttable plates (VCP), locking plates, etc. In comparison to alternative fixation procedures, bone plates exhibit a superior recovery rate and a reduced incidence of post-operative complications. This study aims to exhibit different types of bone plates for the efficient execution of bone plating surgery and examine the effectiveness of bone plating systems in the treatment of long bone fractures in felines. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 23(3): 377–385, 2025

Rabbits are popular pets and they are susceptible to injuries. Though various types of dressing materials have been available, the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various dressing materials on external wound healing in rabbits is limited. So, the objective of this investigation is to assess the efficacy of Zinc oxide tape, Povidone Iodine, and Polyurethane film as wound dressing materials. Twenty rabbits were divided into four groups, each consisting of five rabbits: group A was the control group, group B was provided with zinc oxide tape, group C received 10% povidone iodine dressing, and polyurethane film was administered in group D. Each animal underwent three linear incisions, each 2 cm in length, in the flank area. The control group did not receive any dressing for external wound healing, whereas Groups B and D were administered zinc oxide tape and polyurethane film on day 0, and Group C got daily povidone iodine dressing. Morphological and histopathological changes of the wound sites were observed during the experiment. Full thickness skin tissue samples were obtained on days 3, 7, and 14 post-application of wound dressing materials. The wound length and width (1.28 +-0.06 cm and 0.059 +- 0.0126 cm) were significantly decreased (ANOVA, p < 0.001, n2 = 0.755 for length; n2 = 0.737 for width) in 10% povidone iodine treated group compared to the zinc oxide tape group (1.46 +- 0.05 cm and 0.12 +- 0.06 cm), the polyurethane film (1.63 +- 0.03 cm and 0.193 +- 0.01 cm) and the control group (2.44 +- 0.05 cm and 0.251 +- 0.007 cm). The histological study revealed that 10% povidone iodine group exhibited the fastest reepithelialization, followed by zinc oxide tape, polyurethane f ilm and control group. The study demonstrated that regular dressing with 10% povidone iodine promoted enhanced wound healing compared to zinc oxide and polyurethane film, making it appropriate for wound dressings in rabbits.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various fields, including medicine, food, and personal care. However, their widespread use in daily life has raised concerns about public health. This study investigated the liver and kidney toxicity caused by AgNPs in mouse models after single and repeated exposure. Among the 45 mice, the treatment groups received 200 mg/kg body weight of AgNPs on a single and repeated basis. The liver and kidneys were collected, weighed, and examined histopathologically. Anatomically, the liver and kidneys exhibited congestion and hemorrhage in the AgNPs-treated groups. The AgNPs-treated group showed a reduction in liver and kidney weight at 7 and 15 days. Histologically, a single exposure to AgNPs resulted in liver and kidney toxicity at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. This included inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular occlusion, and degenerating cells in the liver, as well as deformed glomeruli, enlarged capsular spaces, and vacuolated tubular epithelial cells in the kidney. The effects became more pronounced with repeated exposure. Daily exposure for 7 to 15 days resulted in increased numbers of degenerating cells in the liver, significant damage, and sinusoidal dilation. In the kidney, there was an increase in renal capsular space, glomerular damage, and tubular dilation. Severe pathological lesions were noted in the 15-day-treated group compared to the 7-day-treated group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that AgNPs have the potential to cause adverse effects on the liver and kidneys. These results will contribute to a broader discussion on the toxicity and regulatory considerations of AgNPs usage.

| The epidemiological study of clinical diseases in bovines was conducted based on the data presented at the Veterinary Hospital, Madan Upazila of Netrokona district. A total of 2205 clinically sick cattle were diagnosed based on comprehensive clinical history, owner complaints, thorough physical examinations, observable clinical manifestations, and several elementary laboratory methods. The documented clinical cases were classified into nine predominant categories. Parasitic diseases (29.89%), infectious diseases (30.25%), digestive disorders (14%), general systemic states (11.30%), dermatological cases (8.12%), surgical cases (3%), gynecological-obstetrical cases (1.41%), respiratory diseases (1.22%) and sensory organ diseases (0.68%). Among the nine classifications, the incidence of parasitic and infectious diseases was statistically significant (p<0.001). Furthermore, the diseases mentioned above exhibited a significant correlation (p<0.001) with age, sex, and seasonal factors of cattle. The prevalence of clinical diseases was notably highest (p48 months category (8.39%). Males demonstrated a greater incidence of diseases (57.05%) than females (42.95%). The prevalence of clinical diseases was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the rainy season (36.42%), followed by winter (33.65%) and summer (29.93%). In summary, a spectrum of cattle diseases with diverse prevalence rates and associated factors was identified in Madan Upazila. Therefore, the implementation of an effective control program could potentially mitigate the diseases prevalent in this study area, thereby reducing production losses for farmers.

Context: The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various consumer, agricultural, and pharmaceutical applications has raised considerable concern about their potential risks to human health and the environment. Aims: This study investigated the progressive toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in mouse testes after single and repeated exposure. Methods: Prepubertal male mice were exposed to AgNPs by gavage at 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg body weight. Testis, epididymis, and serum were collected and subjected to histopathological analysis. Key results: Daily exposure to AgNPs for 7 and 15 days (n = 8) decreased sperm count, while increasing abnormal sperm count and testicular atrophy in a dose- and exposure-time-dependent manner. A single exposure to AgNPs at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (n = 8) resulted in testicular histopathological changes and spermatogenic cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. The highest number of apoptotic cells was detected 24 h after exposure, whereas testicular testosterone (TT) concentrations decreased at 12 and 24 h. To explore whether AgNPs suppress TT concentrations by affecting the hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis, we analyzed serum LH concentrations; however, no significant changes in LH levels were found. Conclusion: This study showed that AgNPs cause potential adverse effects on the testis, specifically, spermatogenic cell apoptosis, and impaired spermatogenesis in an exposure time- and dose-dependent manner. The testicular toxicity was not associated with suppression of the HPT axis, possibly involving other mechanisms. Implications: These findings contribute to the broader discussion on NP safety and regulatory considerations, particularly regarding their reproductive toxicity.