Mosharop Hossian

The 24-hr movement behaviour (24-hr MB) guidelines recommend engaging in sufficient daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, obtaining adequate sleep, and limiting recreational screen time, behaviours that may influence learning and school performance; yet, evidence linking adherence with academic performance is largely cross-sectional. Using data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (Kindergarten cohort; eligible baseline sample n = 4,463; analytic baseline sample n = 3,973), the study examined whether meeting all three 24-hr MB guideline components concurrently (hereafter, “adherence”) from the ages of 6–7 to 12–13 years was associated with performance on the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) across Years 3, 5, 7, and 9. Adherence was derived from time-use diaries at Waves 2 to 5 and linked to NAPLAN scale scores (0–1,000 scale) in reading, writing, spelling, grammar/punctuation, and numeracy. Structural nested mean models estimated via g-estimation were used to address measured time-varying confounding and to estimate cumulative and lead–lag associations. Each additional wave of adherence was associated with higher Year 9 scores in numeracy and reading (numeracy: 6.04 points; Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.57, 10.37]; reading: 4.93 points; Bonferroni-adjusted 95% CI [0.53, 9.23]). Adherence measured at the exposure wave aligned with the next NAPLAN test occasion was associated with higher scores at the subsequent NAPLAN test in reading (5.44 points; Bonferroni-adjusted 95% CI [0.85, 10.22]). Health education efforts in schools and communities that promote adequate sleep, limit recreational screen time, and support daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may help align child health promotion with literacy and numeracy goals.

Adherence to integrated 24-hour movement guidelines (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep) is low among young people

Introduction: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance, a global health threat. In low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh, the situation is particularly dire. Nursing students are a concerned population as they have their respective part to play in antibiotic resistance. There is a lack of understanding about their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic usage and resistance among this demographic. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed and third- and fourth-year nursing students were recruited for the study from both government and non-government institutions in Bangladesh. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses was performed using Stata version 16. Results: Among 664 participants, 83.58% of the students demonstrated good attitudes (>80%) and practices (>80%) towards antibiotic resistance, while 57.9% exhibited good knowledge. Older students had higher odds of good knowledge (aOR = 1.29) and practice (aOR = 1.84). Female gender (aOR = 2.00), private-institution enrollment (knowledge aOR = 1.57; attitude aOR = 3.44; practice aOR = 2.25), and Bachelor of Science enrollment (knowledge aOR = 2.13; attitude aOR = 3.38; practice aOR = 2.44) were associated with higher odds of good KAP. In contrast, fourth-year students showed lower odds of good attitude (aOR = 0.09) and practice (aOR = 0.45). Knowledge was weakly but significantly correlated with both attitude (r = 0.18, p < 0.001) and practice (r = 0.09, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Nursing students in Bangladesh show promising attitudes and practices towards antibiotic resistance. Efforts to enhance education on antibiotic resistance are necessary in guiding these future healthcare providers to combat this emerging threat effectively.

Rice farming involves repetitive tasks, heavy loads, and prolonged static postures that increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Evidence on

Background: Childhood obesity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue on a global scale. This study aimed to explore the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and body mass index (BMI) in obese children and adolescents, an area with limited research, particularly in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh, from August 2018 to January 2020. We included 105 participants aged 10–18 years, divided into obese (n = 69) and normal-weight (n = 36) groups based on the CDC BMI percentiles. We conducted chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analyses. Results: Obese participants exhibited significantly higher mean levels of TSH (4.40 ± 3.20 µIU/mL vs. 2.26 ± 0.97 µIU/mL, p-value 0.0002) and FT3 (3.52 ± 0.71 pg/mL vs. 3.02 ± 0.48 pg/mL, p-value < 0.001) and lower FT4 levels (1.23 ± 0.21 ng/dL vs. 1.38 ± 0.30 ng/dL, p-value 0.0002) compared to normal-weight participants. We observed a positive correlation between BMI and TSH (p-value 0.002) and FT3 (p-value < 0.001), and a negative correlation between BMI and FT4 (p-value 0.003). Most of the obese children were euthyroid (71.01%), with 27.54% showing subclinical hypothyroidism and 1.45% showing overt hypothyroidism. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that with a one unit increase in BMI, FT3 increased by 0.032 ± 0.011 pg/mL (p-value 0.004), FT4 decreased by 0.010 ± 0.004 (p-value 0.017 ng/dL, and TSH increased by 0.104 ± 0.044 µIU/mL (p-value 0.020). Conclusions: The significant association between BMI and thyroid hormone levels underscores the necessity for routine thyroid function monitoring in obese paediatric populations. The early detection and management of thyroid dysfunction may enhance health and well-being outcomes in obese children and adolescents.

Introduction: Healthcare service utilisation for type 2 diabetes (T2D) is suboptimal among people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. Synthesised evidence on drivers influencing their healthcare access and utilisation across the continuum of care (CoC) is scarce. This review synthesised drivers of accessing and utilising healthcare services across the CoC for T2D from the perspectives of people from CALD backgrounds and their healthcare service providers (HSPs). Methods: Five databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched from inception to November 2023. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023491560). The McGill Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the quality of articles included in this systematic review. Studies were included if they were primary research involving people from CALD backgrounds and/or their HSPs, and reported data related to access to and utilisation of services across the CoC. The CoC framework was used to conduct a guided thematic analysis for qualitative findings and narrative synthesis was used to summarise quantitative findings. Results: Thirty-five studies were included: 31 qualitative, 3 quantitative, and 1 mixed-method. Psychosocial (e.g., fear of treatment) and sociocultural barriers (e.g., stigma) were reportedly encountered at diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Language and cultural barriers were expressed by most people with T2D and their HSPs, especially at the monitoring and adherence stages of the CoC. Trusted relationships with HSPs and the cultural competency of the HSPs were facilitators of continued monitoring and adherence and long-term care and management. No barriers or facilitators were identified for decision-making to enter the healthcare systems, screening, and first point of contact aspects of the CoC from the perspectives of either patients or HSPs. Conclusions: Although included articles were heavily skewed towards qualitative studies, the synthesised evidence on factors influencing access to and utilisation of healthcare services for T2D can inform policymaking by highlighting pathways to improved use of healthcare services among these groups.

Background: Compliance with 24-hour movement behaviours (24-h MB) guidelines, which encompass moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time (ST), and sleep, is associated with various health and developmental outcomes in children and adolescents. Despite growing research interest, a comprehensive synthesis of global research focusing on school-aged youth (5–17 years) is lacking. This systematic review mapped global research on 24-h MB guidelines in youth aged 5–17 years, charted publication trends, geographical spread, and summarised reported outcomes to inform research priorities. Methods: A systematic search (June 2016-July 2024) across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, APA PsycInfo, Embase) identified 32,832 articles. Overall, 148 articles from 32 countries met inclusion criteria. Extracted data covered publication details, movement behaviours measures, article focus, and headline conclusion. ‘Compliance’ was defined as simultaneous adherence to all 24-h MB guidelines. Guided by the Behavioural Epidemiology Framework, articles were classified as prevalence, health and well-being, correlates, academic performance, intervention focused. Article quality was assessed with National Institute of Health tools. Results: Global research on 24-h MB guidelines has grown rapidly since 2016 but remains methodologically modest, with 68% articles (n = 132) originated on six high- or upper-middle-income countries. Most articles were cross-sectional (n = 128, 87%) and investigated prevalence (n = 141, 95%) or health and well-being (n = 79, 53%), followed by correlates (n = 40, 27%), academic performance (n = 8, 5%), and interventions (n = 3, 2%). Only 3% of observational and no intervention articles were rated high quality. Globally, compliance rates with 24-h MB guidelines were low (0–53.6%), with 87% (n = 122) articles reporting below 10%. Compliance with 24-h MB guidelines was associated with lower likelihood of obesity, mental health and cardiometabolic problems, and higher physical fitness, academic performance, and cognitive function. Correlates of 24-h MB guidelines compliance included age, gender, weight status, socioeconomic status, environmental pollution, parental support, and in-person schooling. Interventions promoting 24-h MB guidelines showed promising outcomes. Conclusions: Current research on 24-h MB guidelines is geographically skewed, with only 7% of articles on low- and middle-income countries data. Most evidence was cross-sectional, and no article achieved high methodological quality Future research should focus on under-represented regions, use longitudinal and experimental designs, and assess key outcomes such as academic performance to inform policy and practice for improving youth health and well-being globally.

Background: Safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are crucial for health and development, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where WASH-related diseases are prevalent. Bangladesh, with high poverty rates and a large population, faces significant WASH challenges. This study examines the association between hygiene-related factors and communicable diseases in two Bangladeshi municipalities. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1 to July 30, 2021, in Savar and Satkhira municipalities, chosen for their diverse socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. A stratified random sampling method targeted poor, marginalised, and socially excluded populations. A total of 607 interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire, collecting data on socio-demographics, hygiene practices, and disease history. Participants were included if they were adults (aged 18 or older), had resided in the municipality for at least one year, and provided informed consent to participate. Data were analysed using SPSS, employing chi-square tests and logistic regression to assess associations between variables. Results: The study revealed that 24.1% of participants had a communicable disease, with diarrhoea being the most common. Significant predictors of communicable diseases included gender, with females being more likely affected (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.19 to 8.66, p = 0.003), and the source of drinking water, with tube well users at higher risk (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.13 to 7.02, p = 0.015). Poor hand hygiene significantly increased disease risk (OR: 12.31, 95% CI: 2.86 to 53.03, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Communicable diseases are prevalent in Bangladeshi municipalities, primarily driven by poor WASH conditions. Enhancing access to safe drinking water and implementing community-based WASH interventions, such as hygiene education campaigns, improved sanitation infrastructure, and school-based awareness programs, are vital for reducing the disease burden. Further research should explore the effectiveness and scalability of these targeted strategies.

Background: Adherence to 24‐h movement behaviour (24‐h MB) guidelines, encompassing moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time (ST) and sleep, is low among Australian children and adolescents, with poorly understood contributing factors. This review synthesised current evidence to identify areas requiring further exploration in this demographic.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus and CINAHL identified articles published from June 2016 and March 2024. Peer‐reviewed articles in English focusing on healthy school‐aged children and adolescents (5–17 years) addressing 24‐h MB guidelines, including those using compositional data analysis (CoDA), were included.Results: Twenty‐three articles met the inclusion criteria. Most were of fair quality and used cross‐sectional designs and self‐reported measures. Adherence to 24‐h MB guidelines ranged from 2% to 22% in Australia. The included articles focused on prevalence (n = 12), correlates (n = 5), health outcomes (n = 13), academic performance (n = 4), and an intervention (n = 1). Factors negatively associated with adherence included lower socioeconomic status, transitions from primary to secondary school, and family history of diabetes. Positive outcomes associated with adherence included improved academic performance, quality of life, and physical and mental health. Important research gaps were identified, particularly regarding intervention studies and limited exploration of a causal relationship between adherence, contributing factors, and related outcomes. Compositional analyses (n = 10) suggested that reallocating time from sedentary behaviour to MVPA may improve fitness and academic performance, whereas increasing sedentary time may lower sleep efficiency.Conclusions: A comprehensive understanding of factors associated with adherence to 24‐h MB guidelines among Australian children and adolescents is lacking. More longitudinal and interventional studies using objective measures are needed to establish causality and provide a deeper understanding of adherence to 24‐h MB guidelines among children and adolescents in Australia.So What: This scoping review underscores the need for more longitudinal and intervention‐based research to explore causal relationships between adherence to 24‐h MB guidelines and potential benefits for health, academic performance, and quality of life in Australian children and adolescents.