Geyse Souza Santos

Agaricomycetes are macroscopic fungi popularly known as mushrooms and wooden ears. Few studies have documented the diversity of Agaricomycetes in the state of Acre, Brazil. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the occurrence and type of substrate of Agaricomycetes in two areas of the Amazon Forest in the State of Acre, Brazil. Collections were made at the UFAC Parque Zoobotânico and at the Fazenda Experimental Catuaba. The Agaricomycetes were collected in pre-existing trails, the fungal basidiome was removed from the substrate with the aid of a penknife and packed in paper bags and plastic boxes. In order to identify the Agaricomycetes, the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were observed with the aid of specific literature, and specimens of all collected material were prepared. A total of 100 Agaricomycetes were collected, of which 86% of the specimens were identified, distributed across 21 families, 37 genera, and 18 species, while the remaining 14% were kept at the order taxonomic level. The orders observed were Agaricales (82%), Polyporales (11%), Geastrales (2%), Phallales (2%), Auriculariales (1%), Hymenochaetales (1%), and Russulales (1%). This study describes the Agaricomycetes found in two areas of the Amazon Rainforest in the state of Acre, expanding knowledge on fungal biodiversity in the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, it records for the first time the occurrence of the species Filoboletus gracilis, Xeromphalina tenuipes, Lentinula raphanica, Pleurotus djamor, and Poromycena cf. violacella in state of Acre, Brazil.

Edible mushrooms are widely studied because they have nutritional and medicinal properties, being considered a good source of protein, with an amount comparable to animal protein and low in fat. Due to the presence of specific bioactive compounds in mushrooms, they have a high therapeutic value in strengthening the immune system and preventing diseases and can be considered highly functional foods. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional composition of wild mushrooms from the South-western Amazon. Two fungal samples that showed low cytotoxicity against HepG2 in a previously done assay were used. To obtain mycelium, the isolated mushrooms were grown in Petri dishes with 20 mL of Potato-Dextrose-Agar and incubated at 28 ºC for 14 days. After this period, the mycelium was transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 mL of Potato-Dextrose medium in a 10% proportion, for growth for another 14 days at 28 °C, without agitation. Then, the mycelium was separated from the liquid medium and dried for 24 hours in an oven at 37 °C, and then weighed and ground to do chemical analysis. Moisture, ash, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates from mushrooms 5.332 Oudemansiella cubensis and 5.358 Hohenbuehelia sp. were analyzed according to the methodologies of Instituto Adolfo Lutz [IAL] in triplicates. As a result, mushroom 5.332 O. cubensis had 11.12% moisture, 33.75% lipids, 2.90% ash, 47.27% protein and 9.97% carbohydrates, while mushroom 5.358 Hohenbuehelia sp. had 5.14% moisture, 26.38% lipids, 3.11% ash, 59.11% proteins and 6.26% carbohydrates. The Amazonian mushrooms analyzed in this work are rich in proteins and lipids, however they have a low carbohydrate content and can be considered potential sources of functional ingredients. This study contributes to the first report on the nutritional analysis of Oudemansiella cubensis and Hohenbuehelia sp.

In recent decades, an increase in resistance of bacteria and fungi to antimicrobials has been observed. Therefore, have each other investigated the antimicrobial potential of plants with medicinal properties. In this context, the Amazon has a high variability of plants with potentially active compounds. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts from Amazonian medicinal plants. Leaves and stems of 19 plant species were dried, crushed and extracted by cold maceration with ethanol. The extracts were dried and solubilized at a concentration of 100 mg mL-1 to done antimicrobial activity assays using the agar diffusion method against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi of the genus Candida. Of the total of 38 extracts analyzed, 14 (36.8%) had antimicrobial activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested. The Brazilnut tree stem extract was active against the highest number of microorganisms, three bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and three fungi (C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei). The mulateiro leaf extract was active against three microorganisms, the saracura-mira stem extract against two, and the other extracts only against one microorganism. K. pneumoniae was the most sensitive microorganism, and the most resistant was C. albicans. The lowest values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibacterial activity were for stone-breaker stem extract against K. pneumoniae (0.048 mg mL-1), and for antifungal activity for Brasilnut tree stem against C. krusei (3.125 mg mL-1), stone-breaker leaf against C. guillermondii (3.125 mg mL-1), and mulateiro leaf against C. tropicalis (3.125 mg mL-1). The lowest values of minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were for the extracts of stone-breaker stem against K. pneumoniae (0.192 mg mL-1) and mulateiro leaf against C. tropicalis (3.125 mg mL-1). The tested Amazonian medicinal plants had antimicrobial activity, especially Brazilnut tree, this being the first report for this plant species. In recent decades, an increase in resistance of bacteria and fungi to antimicrobials has been observed. Therefore, have each other investigated the antimicrobial potential of plants with medicinal properties. In this context, the Amazon has a high variability of plants with potentially active compounds. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts from Amazonian medicinal plants. Leaves and stems of 19 plant species were dried, crushed and extracted by cold maceration with ethanol. The extracts were dried and solubilized at a concentration of 100 mg mL-1 to done antimicrobial activity assays using the agar diffusion method against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi of the genus Candida. Of the total of 38 extracts analyzed, 14 (36.8%) had antimicrobial activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested. The Brazilnut tree stem extract was active against the highest number of microorganisms, three bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and three fungi (C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei). The mulateiro leaf extract was active against three microorganisms, the saracura-mira stem extract against two, and the other extracts only against one microorganism. K. pneumoniae was the most sensitive microorganism, and the most resistant was C. albicans. The lowest values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibacterial activity were for stone-breaker stem extract against K. pneumoniae (0.048 mg mL-1), and for antifungal activity for Brasilnut tree stem against C. krusei (3.125 mg mL-1), stone-breaker leaf against C. guillermondii (3.125 mg mL-1), and mulateiro leaf against C. tropicalis (3.125 mg mL-1). The lowest values of minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were for the extracts of stone-breaker stem against K. pneumoniae (0.192 mg mL-1) and mulateiro leaf against C. tropicalis (3.125 mg mL-1). The tested Amazonian medicinal plants had antimicrobial activity, especially Brazilnut tree, this being the first report for this plant species.

Summary White-sand vegetation (WSV) enclaves occur throughout Amazonia. WSV, known in Brazil as campina or campinarana, possesses peculiar floral and faunal communities, different from those in adjacent forests but with biogeographic affinities to those in similar ecosystems far distant. Recent ornithological studies of these ‘islands’ have yielded new taxa for science and enabled a better understanding of the zoogeography of many poorly known species in Amazonia. Here we report the results of an ornithological survey of a campinarana enclave in north-west Rondônia, southern Amazonian Brazil. The area was inventoried three times in 2010–12, totalling 899 net / hours and 110 hours of observations. A total of 171 bird species was identified, belonging to 44 families. Among them, at least nine species are closely associated with WSV: Green-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus theresiae, White-fringed Antwren Formicivora grisea, Natterer's Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus stictocephalus, Black Manakin Xenopipo atronitens...