Mahire Bayramoğlu Akkoyun

Lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a significant clinical problem that may lead to systemic biochemical alterations and remote organ dysfunction in addition to local tissue damage following surgical and traumatic events. In the present study, the effects of royal jelly (RJ) administration on some systemic parameters were evaluated in rats subjected to an experimental femoral artery I/R model. Male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n=6): control, I/R and RJ groups. The I/R model was established by femoral artery ligation for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of referfusion. Royal jelly was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 7 days prior to the surgical procedure. At the end of the reperfusion period, serum levels of LDH, AST, ALT, Na, K, Cl, urea and creatinine were analyzed. Serum LDH, AST, ALT, Na, K, Cl and urea levels were significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the control group (p

In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging activities, ascorbic acid levels of the endemic Astragalus halicacabus Lam. species growing in Turkey were thoroughly evaluated. The total antioxidant capacity of the leaves was determined as 10.32±0.30 mM ascorbic acid/g, while total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were 4.29±0.12 mg gallic acid/g and 3.54±0.22 mg quercetin/g, respectively. The ascorbic acid content was measured as 48.46±0.79 mg/100 g. DPPH(2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) and ABTS ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiyazolin-6-sülfonik asit) radical inhibition values were 56.15% and 54.60%, indicating similar activity yet remaining lower than those of the positive controls. In contrast, the plant exhibited markedly higher superoxide radical scavenging activity at 95.12 µg/ml (70.46%), clearly exceeding the positive control (49.28%). Metal chelation inhibition was found to be 51.66% with an IC₅₀ of 43.17±0.68 µg/ml, while hydroxyl radical inhibition reached 67.09%. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging produced a maximum inhibition of 58.54%, with an IC₅₀ value of 66.29±1.23 µg/ml. Overall, the strong superoxide radical scavenging capacity highlights the selective yet potent antioxidant behavior of the plant. Although its hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities were comparatively lower than those of the reference antioxidants, the plant still demonstrates meaningful antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that Astragalus halicacabus Lam., with its rich phenolic profile and notable vitamin content, represents a valuable natural antioxidant source with promising potential in pharmacology, functional food development, and natural antioxidant formulations, while also contributing important insights into the species’ biochemical characteristics and supporting its possible therapeutic relevance in future research

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silibinin (SLB) on CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD enzyme activities, caspase-3, COX-2, and anti-eNOS expression cobalt (Co)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n = 24) were randomly divided into four groups: the control (0.5 mL of isotonic solution), Co (150 mg/kg/day), SLB (100 mg/kg/day), and Co + SLB (150 mg/kg/day + 100 mg/kg/day). The experimental design was carried out as a randomized complete block design. Results: The catalase enzyme activity decreased to 3.55 EU/mg of protein in the Co group, while it was 19.82 EU/mg of protein in the control group ( p < 0.01). In the SLB group rat liver CAT enzyme activity increased compared with the Co group ( p < 0.01). According to the results of statistical analysis, a significant difference ( p < 0.01) in glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity was observed between the control group and Co group. However, no statistically significant difference ( p > 0.05) was observed between the Co + SLB group compared to the Co group ( p  ˃ 0.05). In addition, no significant difference ( p > 0.05) in superoxide dismutase enzyme activity between control and Co + SLB group groups was detected. Histopathological examination revealed marked hepatic damage in the Co group, whereas structural improvement was observed in the Co + SLB group. Immunohistochemical evaluation demonstrated increased caspase-3 and COX-2 immunoreactivity in the Co group compared to the control group. In the Co + SLB group, immunoreactivity for caspase-3 and COX-2 appeared reduced, while eNOS expression appeared more prominent compared to the Co group. Conclusion: These results showed that SLB provides biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical protection against Co-induced liver toxicity.

In the presented study, the aim was to investigate the antioxidant and antiradical properties, as well as the vitamin C content, of Peucedanum longifolium Waldst. & Kit. The total phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and superoxide radical elimination ability of Peucedanum longifolium were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the vitamin C content—an important antioxidant vitamin—was determined using the dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) method. The phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacity of P. longifolium were found to be 4.98±0.06 mg gallic acid/g, 4.92±0.21 mg quercetin/g, and 26.46±2.83 mM ascorbic acid/g, respectively. The vitamin C content was determined to be 113.18±2.36 mg/100 g. The highest inhibition percentages for the DPPH and ABTS radicals were measured as 85.58±2.12% and 78.08±0.38%, respectively. The plant exhibited superior superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities and metal chelating activity compared to the positive controls. However, its hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was found to be weaker than that of the positive control, BHT. In conclusion, the high vitamin C content and strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Peucedanum longifolium suggest that this species may have protective potential against diseases caused by free radicals. The findings not only provide a scientific foundation for the informed use of the plant in traditional or complementary medicine, but also serve as a valuable reference for future research.

Acrylamide is a known neurotoxic and potentially carcinogenic compound. It remains as a major public health concern due to its widespread presence in heat-processed foods. Despite extensive research on acrylamide-induced toxicity, effective dietary strategies to mitigate its harmful impact remain limited. Intermittent fasting has recently emerged as a promising metabolic intervention shown to enhance cellular stress resistance and improve antioxidant capacity. This study was designed to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting on acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, acrylamide, intermittent fasting, and acrylamide + intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting was applied every other day, while acrylamide was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day, three times per week. On day 28, behavioral assessments were performed using the Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field Test, hotplate, and rotarod tests. Biochemical analyses were conducted on blood samples, and oxidative stress parameters Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase were measured in liver, kidney, and brain tissues. Histopathological evaluations were also carried out. Histopathological findings indicated tissue damage in the acrylamide group and partial improvement in the acrylamide + intermittent fasting group. In the rotarod test, performance of the acrylamide + intermittent fasting group was similar to the control group, suggesting a protective effect. Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase, and Superoxide dismutase levels showed partial amelioration in kidney and brain tissues due to intermittent fasting. The results suggest that intermittent fasting may exert a protective effect against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and behavioral impairments in rats. These findings highlight the potential of intermittent fasting as a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate acrylamide toxicity.

Yunanca “bios” sözcüğünden türeyen ‘Biyokimya’ kavramı canlı kimyası anlamına gelmektedir. Canlı organizmaların yapısında yer alan maddelerin organizmadaki fonksiyonlarını kimyasal olarak açıklar. Biyokimya günümüzde tıp, veteriner, diş hekimliği, eczacılık, ziraat, gıda, vb. pekçok bilim dalının çalışma alanı içerisine girmiş oldukça geniş bir çalışma alanına sahiptir. Canlı organizmaların dikkate değer ilk özelliği yüksek oranda enerjiye ihtiyaç duymaları ve enerjiyi uygun formalara dönüştürdükten sonra, ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kullanabilmeleridir. Canlı organizmaların en önemli bileşeni ‘Su’ olarak tanımlanır ve canlı hücrelerinin majör bileşenidir. Canlılığın devam etmesi için gerçekleşen bütün biyokimyasal olaylar sulu ortamlarda yürümektedir. Su, birçok madde için çok iyi bir çözücüdür. Canlıların yaşamsal faaliyetleri için oldukça önemli olan suyun herhangi bir rengi, kokusu veya tadı yoktur. İnsan vücudunun yaklaşık olarak %70 kadarı sudur. Bu su miktarı vücudun her tarafına belli oranda dağılmış olarak bulunur. Bazı doku ve organlarda dağılım azken, bazılarında oldukça yüksektir. Su; metabolizma sonucu atıkların vücuttan uzaklaştırılmasını sağlama; kan hacmini düzenleme, besinlerin sindirilmesine yardımcı olma, ısı regülasyonunu sağlama, enerji düzenleyicisi olarak görev yapma gibi metabolizma için oldukça önemli görevlere sahiptir. Organizmalardaki su dengesi, herhangi bir sebepten dolayı bozulduğunda çeşitli problemler ortaya çıkar. Genel olarak su, bütün canlılar açısından değerlendirildiğinde, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir bir yaşam için vazgeçilmez en temel maddedir. Suyun yeterli miktarlarda alınmaması ya da az alınması ölüme kadar gidebilen çok ciddi problemlere yol açabilir. The term ‘Biochemistry’, derived from the Greek word “bios”, means living chemistry. It chemically explains the functions of substances in the structure of living organisms. Biochemistry has a very wide field of study that has entered the field of study of many branches of science such as medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, agriculture, food, etc. Today, it has a very wide field of study. The most remarkable feature of living organisms is that they need high amounts of energy and can use it to meet their needs after converting energy into usable forms. The most important component of living organisms is defined as ‘Water’ and is the major component of living cells. All biochemical events that occur for the continuation of life take place in aqueous environments. Water is a very good solvent for many substances. Water, which is very important for the vital activities of living things, has no color, odor or taste. The human body is approximately 70% water. This amount of water is distributed throughout the body to a certain extent. While the distribution is low in some tissues and organs, it is quite high in others. Water also has very important functions for metabolism, such as ensuring the removal of waste from the body as a result of metabolism; regulating blood volume, helping digest food, providing heat regulation, and acting as an energy regulator. When the water balance in organisms is disrupted for any reason, various problems occur. In general, water is the most essential substance for a healthy and sustainable life when evaluated in terms of all living things. Not taking in sufficient amounts of water or taking in too little water can lead to very serious problems that can lead to death.

The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties and the composition of phenolic compounds, trace elements, vitamins, and fatty acids in the edible mushrooms Helvella leucopus, Tricholoma terreum, Lepista nuda, and Marasmius oreades , as well as their inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Elemental analyses were conducted using ICP‐OES. Phenolic compounds and vitamins were performed by HPLC, while identification of fatty acids was performed by GC–MS. HPLC analysis revealed the phenolic compounds in H. leucopus, T. terreum, L. nuda , and M. oreades , with gallic acid being the main compound identified, with levels of 133.04, 246.49, 408.64, and 129.302 μg/g dry weight, respectively. For vitamins, α‐tocopherol is the most primary vitamin found with values of 0.6009, 0.79, and 0.3581 μmol/kg dw. GC–MS analysis determined that the fatty acids with linoleic acid are the major fatty acids identified, with percentages of 30.82%, 19.92%, 30.38%, and 20.86%. ICP‐OES measurement indicated that trace elements with iron as the dominant trace element were observed, with concentrations of 0.248, 0.237, 0.449, and 0.1998 mmol/kg dw. The XO inhibitory activities of four mushrooms were assayed, with the IC ₅₀ values of 39.97, 20.71, 11.71, and 23.85 μg/mL, respectively. L. nuda and T. terreum may be effective for hyperuricemia and gout, which is associated with the results of phenolic compounds, some vitamins, trace elements, and linoleic acid contents on the inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase. The results of medicinal mushrooms have shown that they could potentially be useful as inhibitors for the prevention of XO‐related diseases induced by ROS.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to damage caused by the temporary interruption of blood flow into an organ/ tissue and the restoration of circulation. This injury, which affects many vital organs, is still an important clinical and surgical problem. This study aims to investigate the effect of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Clitoria ternatea on renal I/R injury in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were clustered into 4 groups, 6 rats in each (Control, I/R group, Clitoria ternatea group, I/R group + Clitoria ternatea group). At the end of the experimental procedures, all groups were euthanised in accordance with ethical rules. Blood and tissue samples were taken and subsequent biochemical (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, BUN, Na, K, creatine), histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that Clitoria ternatea effectively prevented I/R-induced renal injury in rats. Based on these findings, Clitoria ternatea may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the prevenstion of I/R-induced kidney damage.