Mustafa Murat Koçak

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı; iki farklı resiprokal hareketle çalışan tek eğe sisteminin apikal debris taşkınlığı miktarının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmada 30 adet çekilmiş tek köklü ve tek kanallı diş kullanıldı. Standardizasyonun sağlanması amacıyla dişlerin kronları uzaklaştırılıp çalışma boyu 15 mm olacak şekilde örnek boyları ayarlandı. Çalışma boyu apikal foramenden 1mm kısa olacak şekilde belirlendi. Giriş kavitesi hazırlandıktan sonra apikal açıklık 10 numaralı K tipi el eğesi ile kontrol edildi. Dişler rastgele iki eşit gruba ayrıldı (n=15). Kök kanal preparasyonu üretici firmaların talimatları doğrultusunda her bir grupta R- Motion (RM; FKG Dentaire) ve Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW Almanya) resiprokal harekete sahip tek eğe sistemi ile apikal çap 0.40 olacak şekilde yapıldı. Apikal debris taşkınlığı miktarı Myers ve Montgomery tarafından geliştirilen sistemle ölçüldü. Ağırlığı hassas terazi ile ölçülmüş eppendorf tüplerinde apikalden taşan debris toplandı. Eppendorf preparasyon sonrası ölçülen ağırlığı ile başlangıç ağırlığı arasındaki fark hesaplandı. Bulgular: Her iki örnek grubunda apikalden debris taşkınlığı görüldü. RB ve RM eğe sistemleri arasında apikalden debris taşkınlığı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (p>0.05).Sonuçlar: İki resiprokal eğe sistemi benzer apikal debris taşkınlığına neden olmaktadır.

This study aimed to determine whether individuals with systemic diseases differ from healthy individuals in terms of the presence and prevalence of pulp stones. Digital panoramic radiographs of 2000 healthy individuals and 2050 individuals with systemic diseases were examined retrospectively. Participants were categorized based on gender, age groups(< 20, 20–39, 40–59, ≥ 60), and systemic conditions. Teeth were classified according to their location (right/left side, arch), prevalence (localized/generalized), and distribution (bilateral/unilateral). The obtained data were statistically analyzed with SPSS and used chi-square test. A significant association was found between the presence of pulp stones and systemic diseases (p < 0.001). When systemic disease groups were analyzed separately in terms of pulp stone prevalence, a statistically significant correlation was observed in all disease groups (p < 0.001). The prevalence of pulp stones was found to be higher in females and increased with age. Pulp stone prevalence was higher in the maxillary right permanent first molars. Regarding the distribution of pulp stones, localized and unilateral occurrences were more frequent. Among individuals with pulp stones, the presence of multiple pulp stones was significantly higher than the presence of a single pulp stone. This study demonstrated a significant relationship between systemic diseases and pulp stone formation, highlighting the need for careful dental examinations, particularly in elderly patients and individuals with systemic conditions. These findings suggested that systemic health status may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulp stones.

The purpose of this in vitro study is to examine the processing of the surfaces of the files after removing the gutta percha in the root canals with different file systems. Eighteen mandibular molar teeth were used. The access cavities were prepared, the mesiobuccal canals were shaped and filled with the lateral condensation. During filling, AH Plus and Bioceramic sealers were used. The root canal fillings were removed using ProTaper Universal Retreatment (D1, D2, D3), Reciproc Blue file (R40), and TF Adaptive rotary file (SM2). Surface changes of the files after the removal of the root canal filling material in the canals were examined under Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The analysis revealed that the type of sealer used, whether resin or bioceramic, did not have a significant impact on the surface of the files (p > 0.05). ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR) instruments showed significantly less Ra and RMS values compared to the other files. Additionally, a significant difference was found between RCP Blue and TFA files in Ra and RMS values (p < 0.05). PTUR instruments demonstrated better surface values regardless of the root canal sealer.

Background. The extrusion of apical debris is related to various factors, and may be affected by varia-tions in technique or instrumentation system. Although the extrusion cannot be completely prevented, it is crucial to minimize the amount of extruded material. Objectives. The present study aimed to compare apical debris extrusion by the novel TruNatomy (TRN), OneCurve (OC) and ProTaper Next (PTN) instruments in curved root canals.Material and methods. A total of 60 multi-rooted human mandibular molar teeth with moderate and severe curvature were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. The root canals were prepared with the OC, TRN and PTN files. For collecting the debris extruded through the apical foramen, Eppendorf tubes were used. After the vaporizing period, the tubes were re-weighed, and the amount of the extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the initial weight from the final weight. Statistical analysis was performed with the Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The statistical significance level was set atp < 0.05.Results. The least amount of debris was extruded with TRN and the greatest with PTN, but the difference between the groups was not significant (p = 0.257).Conclusions. All instrumentation systems were associated with debris extrusion. The tested file systems presented similar results in terms of apical debris extrusion in curved canals. The novel TRN system demon-strated promising results, comparable to OC and PTN.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different torque settings of ProTaper Next files on microcrack formation. Materials and methods: Ninety mandibular anterior teeth were used. Fifteen teeth served as control and 75 teeth were divided into three groups according to the torque settings (n=25). In group 1; the root canals were instrumented using ProTaper Next files at a rotational speed of 300rpm and 2.0 Ncm torque. In group 2; the files were used with 3.5 Ncm torque, and in group 3; the files were used with 5.2 Ncm torque. Teeth were horizontally sectioned at 3, 6, and 9 mm and examined with a stereomicroscope. Results: The percentage of total cracked teeth in the 2.0, 3.5, and 5.2 Ncm groups were recorded at 24%, 28%, and 32%, respectively, without any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The use of ProTaper Next files with high torque settings did not affect the amount of microcrack occurrence. The clinicians may use the rotary systems within different torque values suggested by manufacturers in reliance upon their clinical experiences.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, 5 farklı eğe sisteminin alt çene azı dişlerinde tekralayan kök kanal tedavisi uygulaması sırasında kök kanallarından taşan doku ve dolgu materyali miktarları üzerindeki etkilerini karşılaştırarak değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamızda 80 adet çekilmiş alt çene büyükazı dişine ait mezial kökler kullanıldı. Köklerin çalışma uzunluğu belirlenmesinin ardından şekillendirme prosedürü ProTaper Universal F2 nolu eğe ile tamamlandıktan sonra kanallar lateral kondenzasyon ile dolduruldu. Kanal tedavisi yenileme işleminde ProTaper Next, TF Adaptive, Endoart, WaveOne Gold ve ProTaper Universal Retreatment eğeleriyle olacak şekilde rastgele beş gruba ayrılarak kanal sökümü yapıldı. Taşan debris miktarı boş ağırlığı önceden ölçülmüş olan Eppendorf tüplerinde biriktirildi. Taşan debris miktarı tüm işlemler sonrası ölçüldü. Bulgular: Her deney gruplarının tamamında kök dışına madde çıkışı gözlendi. İstatistiksel analiz sonucunda ProTaper Next ve ProTaper Universal Retreatment anlamlı olarak TF Adaptive daha az taşkınlığa neden olduğu tespit edildi (p0,05). Tüm gruplar incelendiğinde en fazla materyal taşkınlığı WaveOne Gold grubunda görüldü. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde, yeni üretilen bu eğe sistemi için, güncel ve yaygın olarak kullanılan eğeler ile elde edilen bulgular ile karşılaştırıldığında umut verici bir sonuç olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak, bu sistemin klinik performansının değerlendirilmesi için çok sayıda farklı araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

To compare the penetration of Ah Plus and MTA Fillapex after irrigation activation with sonic, passive ultrasonic, SWEEPS and XP‐Endo Finisher using confocal microscopy. Instrumented root canals of 160 mandibular premolar teeth were allocated randomly to four groups (n = 40/group) and eight subgroups according to the activation techniques and canal sealers (n = 20/subgroup). After the obturation, three sections at 1–2, 5–6 and 9–10 mm levels from the apex were examined. Penetration area and maximum penetration depth values were represented as mean and standard deviation, and results below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. For penetration area and maximum penetration depth, the statistical difference was found in terms of material, device and region (Maximum penetration depth:p = 0.006,p < 0.001,p < 0.001; Penetration area:p = 0.004,p < 0.001,p < 0.001). SWEEPS was found to be relatively higher than other groups. Sealers presented similar results when evaluated independently of the region. The use of SWEEPS for irrigation activation is promising in terms of tubule penetration.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation and XP-Endo Finisher on the cleanliness of canal wall surface after post-space preparation. Methods: Forty endodontically treated mandibular premolar teeth were used. After post-space preparation, the teeth were divided into four groups. Irrigation protocols were performed as follows; distilled water as a control group (Group 1), NaOCl/EDTA without any activation (Group 2), NaOCl/EDTA irrigation with passive ultrasonic activation (Group 3), and NaOCl/EDTA irrigation with XP-Endo Finisher (Group 4). The teeth were split and the canal walls were examined with scanning electron microscope under 1000× magnification. The presence of debris was evaluated with 3-point scoring system. For each sample 10 scores were obtained and averaged. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: None of the techniques completely cleaned the canal walls after post-space preparation. Passive ultrasonic irrigation and XP-Endo Finisher groups demonstrated lower scores than the control and non-activated NaOCl/EDTA groups. The highest results were recorded in the control group. Conclusion: The activation with passive ultrasonic irrigation or XP-Endo Finisher was more effective in cleaning of the root canal walls after post-space preparation.

Background. This study aimed to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Next, Hyflex CM, 2Shape, and TF-Adaptive nickel-titanium endodontic file systems with various alloy properties and production methods and investigate the fractured cross-sectional surface of files due to cyclic fatigue by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods. A total of 120 instruments were used (n=30). For standardization, #25/.06 apical diameter and taper angle were selected for each file system. The experiment of files was subjected to a static cyclic fatigue model. The time for files’ failure was recorded with a digital chronometer and multiplied by the rotation speed to calculate the number of cycles. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Bonferroni analysis were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The number of cycles for the failure of files was compared between the groups, and significant differences were found (P<0.05). The number of cycles for instrument failure was recorded from the highest to the lowest as follows: Hyflex CM, TF-Adaptive, ProTaper Next, and 2Shape. Conclusion. The files were fractured at different average numbers of cycles in an artificial canal in all the groups. The Hyflex CM demonstrated better cyclic fatigue resistance than TF Adaptive, ProTaper Next, and 2Shape file systems. Factors such as production patterns, alloy properties, and the phase in which the files were produced might affect the lifespan of file systems.

This study aimed to evaluate dentinal tubule penetration of the root canal filling material using various techniques such as cold lateral compaction, new generation thermoplastic core carrier and continuous‐wave obturation. The root canals of premolar teeth were instrumented, and the teeth were allocated randomly to three groups (n = 15/group). After the obturation with three different techniques, three sections of 2‐mm thickness at 2, 5 and 8‐mm from the apex were examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope. The data were analysed of variance with a significance level of P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between techniques when parameters were evaluated in total (penetration depth P = 0.418, penetration area P = 0.701). The mean value of the cold lateral compaction group for maximum penetration depth was obtained higher than continuous wave (P = 0.004), whilst there was no significant difference between the thermoplastic core carrier and the other groups.