Jaehyun Ha

With recent research identifying mobility restrictions for alleviating the spread of COVID-19, governments have implemented stay-at-home measures, which in turn produced significant changes in people's travel behaviours. Despite these orders, however, people still have to make trips for work or to acquire essential goods. To better understand how these necessary trips influenced changes in individual mobility due to the pandemic, this study focused on the relationship between trip frequency and distance to median incomes, as well as between trip frequency and distance to supermarket density. We made use of the University of Maryland COVID-19 Impact Analysis Platform as our primary source for GPS travel data to study mobility changes at the county-level across the U.S.A. Results showed that trip frequency and distance were significantly different before the outbreak of COVID-19 and during three peak periods of COVID-19 infection. Specifically, we found the reduction of both frequency and distance of trips is negatively correlated to both median income and supermarket density. Thus we conclude that individual choice in adherence to staying-at-home is less dependent on the lockdown measures and more influenced by financial capacity and access to necessary goods and services. These findings could help inform policy development and programmatic responses to help people reduce their mobility. For example, government authorities might consider monthly stimulus or other financial support programs that would allow people greater access to delivery services. In the future, urban planners and policymakers should address the root causes that lead to such economic disparities and food insecurities, in order to build resilience in the face of possible future pandemics.

The purpose of this study was to recognize the seriousness of the problems caused by marina port development project, find the nature of the problems, and suggest alternative direction and solution of them. In order to accomplish the purpose, this study first presumed tha tmarina port development project had been progressed and tried to be demonstrated based on neo-liberalistic policy. Then, this study might find potential solutions regarding the various problems of marina port development project based on neo-liberalistic development policy. As a result, it was known that neo-liberalism in Korea started at first as voluntary movement of the then government but later was set in full course due to internal problems and external pressure, turning into a new form of developmental neo-liberalism. Later, whilet ihad passed through each of the regimes, it has grown to more expanded neo-liberalism through labour flexiiblity, polarization, deregulation, and privatization. Marina port development project was obviously a neo-liberalistic project and promoted as part of entrepreneurial urban strategies. Therefore, marina port development project has brought about damaging public interest, excluding citizens from policy making, and even threatening democracy. It was worth considering deliberative democracy involving participation as an alternative measure. Debate-oriented deliberative democracy could be a key to solving the problems by marina port development project.