Min Wu

Background: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is a growing public health challenge. The triglyceride glucose‐waist height ratio (TyG‐WHtR) is a novel index linked to metabolic disorders. This study explores the dose–response relationship between TyG‐WHtR and CMM. Methods: Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), including the 2011 baseline survey and the 2018 follow‐up survey with an average follow‐up duration of 7.0 years, were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models assessed the TyG‐WHtR–CMM relationship, adjusting for covariates. Results: The study enrolled 6674 individuals, and 1140 patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity and 5534 patients with non‐cardiometabolic multimorbidity were documented over an average follow‐up duration of 7.0 years. The fourth TyG‐WHtR quartile group (Q4) had the highest CMM risk, with an odds ratio of 1.23 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.20–1.26. The restricted cubic spline regression model showed a nonlinear ( p < 0.001) association between TyG‐WHtR and CMM. Subgroup analyses showed that the positive association between TyG‐WHtR and CMM was evident among females and ex‐smokers. A notable interaction was observed between TyG‐WHtR and variables like age and marital status. Conclusion: TyG‐WHtR is a potential CMM predictor, and maintaining it within a moderate range may help prevent CMM.

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although age-standardized cardiovascular mortality and morbidity have declined over recent decades, population agin...

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) serves as the structural backbone of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and plays a key role in lipid transport. A growing body of evidence indicates that circulating ApoB levels are closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary atherosclerosis, and ApoB may be one of the most accurate markers for assessing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. This review discusses the limitations of conventional lipid measures, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), and systematically examines the advantages of ApoB as an alternative marker for cardiovascular risk assessment, as well as its independent predictive value. In addition, this review discusses the clinical utility, potential advantages, and challenges associated with ApoB, as well as the effects of currently available lipid-lowering therapies on ApoB and recent advances in the development of ApoB-targeted therapies, with the aim of informing more precise strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Background: Ecnoglutide, a novel long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, is considered a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ecnoglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes and to further investigate its dose-time relationship. Methods: This study followed the PRISMA guidelines and systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, with the search updated through February 2026. Randomized controlled trials comparing ecnoglutide with placebo or the active control, dulaglutide, were included. The primary outcome was the change in HbA1c (%). Secondary outcomes included FPG, PPG, 7-point SMBG, body weight, adverse events, and serious adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. Meta-analyses employed a random-effects model, and mean differences and risk ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Three randomized controlled trials involving 977 participants were included. Compared with placebo, ecnoglutide significantly reduced HbA1c (MD = −1.40, 95% CI −1.65, −1.14, p < 0.00001), FPG (MD = −1.98, 95% CI −2.34, −1.63, p < 0.00001), PPG (MD = −4.88, 95% CI −6.32, −3.44, p < 0.00001), and body weight (MD = −2.16, 95% CI −2.62, −1.71, p < 0.00001). Additionally, compared with the placebo group, the incidence of adverse events was higher in the ecnoglutide group (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.24–3.32, p = 0.005), while there was no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events. Dose-response analysis showed that ecnoglutide exhibited a clear dose-dependent relationship for HbA1c, FPG, and body weight at doses ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 mg, while PPG was less affected by dose. Time-response analysis indicated that the hypoglycemic efficacy of ecnoglutide peaked around week 35 and subsequently plateaued, whereas body weight exhibited a sustained linear downward trend. Conclusion: Ecnoglutide significantly improved glycemic control and reduced body weight, although it was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events without increasing serious adverse events. Despite these promising findings, the evidence remains limited and requires confirmation in larger, multicenter randomized controlled trials. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261327235 , identifier CRD420261327235.

Background: Polydatin has shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective effects in preclinical studies. Its development is limited by low oral bioavailability, extensive metabolism, and poorly defined tissue exposure. Objectives: This review summarizes the pharmacology and delivery systems of polydatin, distinguishes nano from non-nano formulations, and examines the evidence for improved exposure, tissue delivery, safety, and clinical translation. Methods: Relevant studies were identified through a structured PubMed search and assessed by formulation type, administration route, comparator, and reported endpoints. Results: Delivery strategies include liposomes, polymeric and polysaccharide nanoparticles, lipid-based formulations, inclusion complexes, solid-state systems, hydrogels, local matrices, and targeted systems. Only a few oral formulations have been compared directly with free polydatin using quantitative pharmacokinetic measurements. Many injectable and local studies report release, cellular uptake, fluorescence distribution, or pharmacodynamic effects, but these findings do not by themselves demonstrate improved bioavailability or drug-specific targeting. Evidence on repeat-dose toxicity, immunogenicity, carrier clearance, and manufacturing consistency remains limited. No clinical study of a polydatin nanocarrier was identified. Conclusions: Further development requires appropriate free-polydatin controls, measurement of polydatin and its metabolites, exposure–response analysis, fuller safety assessment, and reproducible product characterization.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the medium and large arteries, characterized by lipid accumulation within the arterial wall and a sustained inflammatory milieu, and it remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Glycolysis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are both involved in the initiation and progression of AS in part through effects on endothelial function, platelet activation, lipid metabolism, and the inflammatory microenvironment. This article reviews the roles of NETs and glycolysis in AS, elucidates the mechanisms underlying NETosis, and discusses the association between glycolysis and NETosis. Finally, the article discusses the potential value of glycolytic inhibitors in the treatment of AS, with the aim of providing new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of AS and related cardiovascular diseases.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), initially developed for type 2 diabetes, have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits. However, evidence