Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a substantial public health challenge in the United States (US). As of 2023, an estimated 1.13 million people aged 13 years or older were living with HIV ...

Background/Objective With recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management and prevention, it is critical to understand the lifetime costs (LTC) of HIV. The objective of the study was to evaluate all-cause LTC, annual costs and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) among persons with HIV (PWH) versus a matched non-HIV cohort in the United States (US). Methods This observational study included persons (≥ 18 years) with an HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and continuous enrollment (CE) within each year (2018–2023) in the PWH cohort, and with no HIV diagnosis/ART and CE in the non-HIV cohort, identified using a US commercial claims database (IQVIA PharMetrics^® Plus). Cohorts were matched 1:3 on age, sex, geographic region, and health plan. Undiscounted LTC, discounted LTC (95% confidence interval [CI]) and annual costs were computed in 2022 US dollars (USD) for ages 18–75 years. Annual inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, and outpatient pharmacy utilization and costs were compared. Results Person counts ranged from 45,465 to 54,530 in the PWH cohort and 136,395 to 163,590 in the non-HIV cohort from 2018 to 2023. Mean undiscounted LTC were $2,895,020 (CI 2,847,453–2,947,867) and $482,522 (CI 453,114–513,44) for PWH and non-HIV cohorts, respectively, with an incremental cost difference of $2,412,498 (CI 2,354,674–2,474,024). Mean discounted LTC were $1,299,210 (CI 1,279,397–1,321,458) and $181,481 (CI 169,392–194,036) for PWH and non-HIV cohorts, respectively, with an incremental cost difference of $1,117,729 (CI 1,093,606–1,143,350). Mean annual total costs were six to seven times higher among PWH than the non-HIV cohort each year; with higher costs among older persons. HCRU was higher among PWH. Conclusions Among a sample of primarily commercially insured US adults, HIV conferred an estimated incremental LTC difference of over $2.4 million (undiscounted) and $1.1 million (discounted), with annual costs being six to seven times higher for PWH compared to non-HIV persons.

Background: Early antifungal initiation in invasive aspergillosis (IA) is recommended. Changing antifungals occurs for a myriad of reasons but associated costs are unclear. Methods: US claims data for adults admitted for IA were identified from 10/1/2015 to 11/30/2022. Patients were stratified by those who did and did not change antifungal therapy. Adjusted all-cause healthcare utilization and costs/patient during index hospitalization and at 1, 6, and 12-months after the index date between the cohorts that did and did not change antifungal therapy were compared. Results: Among 1,192 IA patients, 707 (59.3%) changed their initial antifungal therapy over follow-up. The index hospital length of stay was longer (Δ = 6 days, P < .001) and costs were higher (Δ = $65,149, P < .001) in the change vs. no change cohort. Median 1, 6, and 12-months all-cause costs were higher in patients changing antifungal therapy vs. not (Δ = $90,938−$192,953). Conclusions: Changing antifungals was associated with longer hospital stays and costs and higher all-cause costs over 12-months.

Introduction Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) occurs in ~25–43% of patients between 2 weeks and 3 months following a stroke. This retrospective claims study examined the occurrence of spasticity, treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization, and healthcare costs among patients who experienced a stroke over a 2-year period. Methods Analyses were conducted using healthcare claims from the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database of commercially/self-insured members from 2015 to 2021. Patients were selected based on two International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision diagnosis codes for stroke requiring an inpatient stay (index date) with continuous enrollment with medical/pharmacy benefits 12 months before (pre-index) and 24 months starting on the index date (post-index). PSS was defined by a diagnosis code for spastic hemiplegia or muscle contracture starting ≥ 7 days post-index, or claims indicating PSS treatment [botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) or muscle relaxants] any time in the post-index period. A generalized linear model was developed to estimate cost ratios between patients with and without PSS. Results Overall, 7851 patients fulfilled study criteria; 47.7% were treated with physical or occupational therapy, 11.3% with muscle relaxants, and 0.8% with BoNT-A; 12.4% met the post-index definition of PSS; 84.2% were identified using muscle relaxant or BoNT-A codes, 6.6% using diagnosis codes, and 9.2% using both. Median time to codes identifying PSS was 213 days. Patients treated with BoNT-A received an average of three treatments, starting 253 days (median) post-stroke. Mean all-cause healthcare costs were US$62,875 among patients with PSS versus $44,472 among patients without (P < 0.001), representing 39.6% higher adjusted all-cause healthcare costs among patients with PSS versus patients without PSS. Conclusion Patients with PSS utilized numerous treatment modalities and experienced higher mean all-cause healthcare costs than did those without PSS. Earlier identification to optimize treatment of PSS may represent an opportunity for cost savings within managed healthcare systems.

Changes to antifungal therapy (AFT) in invasive aspergillosis (IA) may occur due to intolerance, side effects, drug interactions, or lack of response. We describe AFT change patterns in IA patients. This was a US claims data study. IA patients were identified during the index hospitalization from October 2015 to November 2022. Patients were stratified by whether they ‘changed’ or ‘did not change’ AFT during or after the index hospitalization. AFT patterns were assessed for four lines of therapy or until loss of follow-up. First-line AFT began during the index hospitalization. Discontinuation with restart, modification, or switch in AFT ended the current line and initiated a subsequent line. Inverse probability-of-treatment weighting was utilized. Among 1192 adults with IA, 59.3% changed their AFT (60.0% modified AFT, 22.1% stopped first-line AFT and later initiated a new AFT for second line, and 18% immediately switched to a different AFT). Among those who changed AFT, triazole use predominated, with voriconazole (37.3–49.3%) and isavuconazole (19.3–26.7%) the most used across all AFT lines. Echinocandin use varied between 25.3 and 33.6% over all lines, and amphotericin B use increased over lines 1–4 (13.4–20.7%). Among the 40.7% of patients that completed AFT without changes, most received triazole monotherapy (62.8% voriconazole; 15.2% isavuconazole). Most patients required changes to their AFT.

Background: Oral anticoagulants (OACs), such as apixaban and warfarin, are indicated for reducing the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and are often initiated in the hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate OAC continuity from inpatient to outpatient settings and the risk of recurrent VTE among patients with an initial event. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized hospital charge data and medical and prescription claims from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2022 to identify adults treated with apixaban or warfarin while hospitalized for VTE. Patients were followed to assess switching or discontinuation post-discharge and the risk of recurrent VTE. The index date was the date of the first apixaban or warfarin claim within 30 days post-discharge. Results: Of the 19,303 eligible patients hospitalized with VTE, 85% (n = 16,401) were treated with apixaban and 15% (n = 2902) received warfarin. After discharge, approximately 70% had ≥1 fill for their respective apixaban or warfarin therapy. The cumulative incidence of discontinuation over the 6 months following index was 50.5% and 52.2% for the apixaban and warfarin cohorts, respectively; the cumulative incidence of switching was 6.0% and 20.9%, respectively. The incidence rates of recurrent VTE were 1.2 and 2.5 per 100 person-years for the apixaban and warfarin cohorts, respectively. Conclusions: The majority of patients continued their apixaban or warfarin therapy following hospital discharge; however, a considerable proportion either switched or discontinued OAC upon transitioning from inpatient care. Among those who continued therapy, discontinuation, switch, and recurrent VTE occurred less often with apixaban vs. warfarin.

Introduction Spasticity and cervical dystonia (CD) are movement disorders with considerable direct and indirect healthcare cost implications. Although several studies have discussed their clinical impact, few have calculated the economic burden of these disorders. This study aimed to understand treatment/injection patterns of botulinum toxins type A (BoNT-As) and the characteristics, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and costs among patients with spasticity or CD. Methods Retrospective analyses were conducted using administrative healthcare claims from the IQVIA PharMetrics^® Plus database, from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Eligible patients were selected based on Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes for BoNT-A (index date) and ICD-10 diagnosis codes for spasticity or CD with 6 months of continuous enrollment pre-index and 12 months post-index. Patients were stratified into adult spasticity, pediatric spasticity, and CD cohorts, and were evaluated for injection patterns, HCRU, and costs in the post-index period. Results Overall, 2452 adults with spasticity, 1364 pediatric patients with spasticity, and 1529 adults with CD were included. Total mean all-cause healthcare costs were US$42,562 (adult spasticity), $54,167 (pediatric spasticity), and $25,318 (CD). Differences were observed in the cost of BoNT-A injection visits between toxins, with abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) having the lowest injection cost across all indications. Conclusions AboBoNT-A had the lowest injection visit costs across indications. These results are suggestive of real-world resource utilization patterns and costs, and, while helpful in informing insurers’ BoNT-A management strategies, further research into cost differences is warranted.

We evaluated the economic impact associated with preoperative meloxicam IV 30 mg vs placebo administration among adult total knee arthroplasty (TKA) recipients enrolled in Phase IIIB NCT03434275 trial. Data on total hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) obtained from the trial were compared between meloxicam IV 30 mg and placebo groups. Patients in the meloxicam IV 30 mg vs placebo group (n = 93 vs 88) incurred an adjusted $2,266 (95% CI: -$1,035, $5,116; p = 0.1689) lower total hospital costs and an adjusted 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.0%, 18.1%; p = 0.1082) shorter LOS. While statistically non-significant, based on 95% CIs, the results from this sub-study may suggest a favorable impact associated with meloxicam IV 30 mg on hospital costs and LOS.