Alicia Llorca-Ponce

Climate-related disasters increasingly expose structural vulnerabilities embedded in both territorial environments and household conditions. Public responses often prioritise the repair of damaged infrastructure or the compensation of visible economic losses. However, disaster impacts are unevenly distributed, as pre-existing social and spatial conditions strongly shape recovery capacity. This paper proposes a framework of social sustainability indicators to support the assessment of structural vulnerability in disaster contexts and to guide public aid allocation. The methodology is based on a four-stage process involving the identification, selection, classification and parametrisation of indicators derived from academic literature, institutional frameworks and sustainability monitoring systems. The resulting panel is organised according to two complementary analytical scales, environment and families. It is also structured around three dimensions widely recognised in the literature on social resilience: resources, capacities and networks. The framework includes eighteen indicators that can be operationalised using statistical, administrative and spatial data. Overall, it provides a diagnostic tool to identify pre-disaster vulnerability, prioritise aid allocation and monitor recovery outcomes. In this way, the study contributes to the operationalisation of social sustainability and highlights the need to integrate environmental and household conditions into more equitable reconstruction policies.

El acceso a la vivienda constituye un problema creciente a escala global, con especial incidencia en jóvenes y colectivos vulnerables. El incremento sostenido de los precios de la vivienda, junto con el estancamiento de las rentas, ha generado una carga financiera excesiva para los hogares de menores rentas. La nueva Ley 12/2023 española por el derecho a la vivienda incorpora el concepto de asequibilidad, definido como aquel nivel de gasto en vivienda que no supera el 30 % de la renta de los hogares. El trabajo evidencia que dicha definición presenta limitaciones sustanciales. Se revisa la literatura sobre la asequibilidad, sus indicadores y métodos de medición, y se propone una redefinición del término para una política de vivienda más eficaz. La propuesta integra equidad vertical, rentas residuales mínimas y diferencias territoriales.

El compromiso mundial con los ODS ha hecho de la vivienda social una cuestión clave en la búsqueda de políticas de vivienda que aborden las necesidades de los hogares más vulnerables. Sin embargo, la vivienda social en España sufre una fuerte estigmatización enraizada en las políticas de la época franquista e inicios de la democracia que es urgente revertir. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX se construyeron decenas de miles de viviendas con fondos públicos para alojar a familias trabajadoras que vivían en asentamientos chabolistas. La utilización de prácticas institucionales segregadoras provocó la marginación de las familias “no asalariadas” en enclaves alejados de los núcleos urbanos. Este trabajo constata como, en la Comunidad Valenciana, muchos de estos grupos de vivienda social, que fueron transferidos por el Estado en 1984, han sufrido importantes procesos de guetificación que han resultado decisivos en la estigmatización de la vivienda social en la Comunidad Valenciana. Este trabajo aborda el estudio de los factores que han provocado esta guetificación con el propósito de avanzar en el conocimiento de cómo instrumentar/diseñar acciones en materia de vivienda social que permitan obtener viviendas asequibles para colectivos vulnerables evitando su guetificación, contribuyendo así a alcanzar los ODS.

Access to housing is a serious problem in many cities around the world. In Europe, it affects not only low-income but also middle-income people. It is therefore a problem of great social impact. The evolution of the cost of housing, whether for purchase or rent, has not followed a linear relationship with the evolution of family incomes, causing an increase in the effort, worsening the conditions of accessibility, and critically affecting households with incomes close to the poverty threshold.Access to housing is a fundamental aspect in social sustainability and, therefore, in the application of social policies which, in this area, must be oriented to allow access to housing, especially for those families in unfavourable situations. Thus, for a good definition of the policy, it is necessary to understand which aspects determine the capacity of families to be able to access housing, when they are not able to access housing under market conditions, and what conditions must be in place for it. However, a review of the literature and the applicable regulations shows that there is no consensus on the best way to define and parameterise affordability. This paper presents different methods used to assess affordability, focusing on those that go beyond the strictly economic and introduce social factors that help to achieve sustainability. It analyses the affordability condition introduced in the recent Law 12/2023 on the right to housing, exposing its limitations in ensuring affordability for vulnerable households and addressing possible recommendations to help overcome these limitations. The work is useful for policy makers.

Real Estate meets technology. The impact of new technologies on the real estate sector in Spain

This paper analyses the differences in the attractiveness of companies according to their country of origin. The aim is to expand knowledge about which characteristics make organisations more attractive to workers based on their place of origin (Anglo-Saxon, Northern-Central European, Mediterranean, Asian regions). In addition, it is analysed if the COVID-19 has caused changes in the elements that make up the attractiveness. The sample comprises the ranking published by the journal Actualidad Económica about the most attractive companies to work for in Spain, during 2013-21. The variables used in the ranking are: Talent-Management, Remuneration, Work-Environment, CSR and Training. Other control variables like geocultural area are used. For this purpose, an econometric model of unbalanced panel data with random effects is proposed. Results show there are differences in the assessment of professional attractiveness according to the companies' place of origin and culture. Remuneration and permanence in the ranking are the only variables which are relevant regardless of the culture. Talent Management, Working Environment and Training, size, and stock price influence Western countries unequally. The opposite occurs for SCR, which only affects Asian companies. Also, COVID-19 has affected unequally the assessment of the attractiveness of companies.