Waleed Shahzad

Hyperostosis frontalis interna is a benign overgrowth of the inner table of the frontal bone. Exact etiology is unknown. The condition is often an incidental finding and requires no treatment unless there are neurological signs and symptoms.

A 24‐year‐old right‐handed male presented with a 4‐month history of migraine of weariness. Typical accompanying symptoms with migraine like nausea, vomiting, photophobia and aura were not present. Non‐contrast CT brain revealed a left sided large frontotemporoparietal (Galassi Type III) arachnoid cyst. The patient underwent a cystoperitoneal shunt.

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare idiopathic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) having a relapsing course. It consists of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) which involves 3 or more neighbouring portions of the spine and positive serology for anti-NMO IgG antibodies. NMO is often misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS). Limited literature about NMO and its association with other systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is available so far. Here, we present a 21- year girl, previously diagnosed case of SLE seven years back, who suffered attacks of transverse myelitis. She had seropositivity for anti-aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4) receptor antibody. An accurate clinical diagnosis is important to initiate timely immunosuppressive therapy to prevent disability.