Isabelle Louradour
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Research Interests
Isabelle Louradour has a total of 24 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Gerald Frank Spaeth
Institut Pasteur
3 shared publications - Pascale Pescher
Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM 1201, Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation
3 shared publications - Domenico Otranto
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
2 shared publications - Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
2 shared publications - Maria Stefania Latrofa
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
2 shared publications - Thomas Cokelaer
Institut Pasteur
2 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 3 August 2026
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS Pathogens
- Vol. 22 (8) , e1014468
What hybrids reveal about the notion of species in Leishmania
- 3 August 2026
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS Pathogens
- Vol. 22 (8) , e1014468
Open AccessWhat hybrids reveal about the notion of species in Leishmania
- 25 June 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Trends in Parasitology
- Vol. 42 (8) , 667-673
Next generation in parasitology 2026: Connecting young parasitologists across Europe
- 25 June 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Trends in Parasitology
- Vol. 42 (8) , 667-673
Next generation in parasitology 2026: Connecting young parasitologists across Europe
- 1 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Réponse au parasitisme par des guêpes chez la drosophile : rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NFkB
Dans tous les organismes animaux la réponse immunitaire est divisée en deux composantes : la réponse humorale, qui consiste en la production d'un grand nombre de molécules toxiques pour le pathogène, et la réponse cellulaire, qui met en jeu des cellules immunitaires produites lors de l'hématopoïèse. Chez les mammifères adultes, l'hématopoïèse se déroule dans la moelle osseuse, où un microenvironnement particulier appelé " niche hématopoïétique " contrôle l'auto-renouvèlement, la prolifération et la différenciation des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques (CSH) à l'origine de l'ensemble des cellules sanguines/immunitaires. Suite à une infection par un pathogène, l'homéostasie du système hématopoïétique est modifiée, afin de permettre la mise en place d'une réponse immunitaire cellulaire adaptée. Le rôle de la niche hématopoïétique dans le contrôle de l'hématopoïèse suite à une infection reste à ce jour mal connu. La drosophile est utilisée comme système modèle pour étudier in vivo l'hématopoïèse et la réponse immunitaire. L'hématopoïèse a lieu chez la drosophile au stade larvaire dans un organe spécialisé appelé Glande Lymphatique (GL). Au sein de cet organe, un petit groupe de cellules, le Centre de Signalisation Postérieur (PSC), contrôle l'équilibre entre progéniteurs hématopoïétiques et cellules immunitaires différenciées, et a donc un rôle équivalent à celui de la niche hématopoïétique des mammifères. Suite à un stress immun, tel que le parasitisme par des guêpes, une différenciation massive de cellules immunitaires spécifiques, les lamellocytes, a lieu dans la GL; puis la dispersion de la GL permet la libération des lamellocytes dans la circulation lymphatique. Lors du parasitisme, la guêpe pond un œuf dans le corps de la larve de drosophile. En absence de réponse immunitaire cellulaire, l'œuf de guêpe se développe au dépend de son hôte, entraînant sa mort. En formant une capsule autour de l'œuf de guêpe, les lamellocytes neutralisent son développement et permettent la survie de l'hôte. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la réponse immunitaire cellulaire de la larve de drosophile au parasitisme par des guêpes. Je me suis plus particulièrement intéressée au rôle de la " niche hématopoïétique " dans cette réponse. Pour cela, j'ai initié une approche transcriptomique ayant pour but d'identifier les gènes spécifiquement exprimés dans le PSC en réponse au parasitisme. En parallèle, j'ai caractérisé le rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NF?B dans la GL lors de la réponse au parasitisme. La voie Toll/NF?B joue un rôle essentiel dans la réponse immunitaire humorale et son rôle dans la réponse immunitaire cellulaire reste à définir. Mes travaux indiquent que la voie Toll/NF?B est activée dans le PSC suite au parasitisme. Son activation est médiée par le facteur de transcription NF?B "Dorsal-related Immunity Factor" (Dif), qui est requis dans le PSC pour permettre la différenciation rapide et massive de lamellocytes et la dispersion des cellules de la GL. De plus, j'ai établi un réseau génique, impliquant les deux voies de signalisation Toll/NF?B et EGFR ainsi que les espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) dans le contrôle de la réponse au parasitisme. Une augmentation du niveau de ROS dans le PSC et l'activation de la voie EGFR dans les cellules immunitaires ont été décrits comme nécessaires à l'encapsulation des œufs de guêpe après parasitisme. Mes données établissent qu'ils sont en plus requis respectivement dans les cellules du PSC et dans les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques pour permettre la dispersion de la GL après parasitisme. Basé sur la forte conservation des voies de signalisation et processus moléculaires contrôlant l'hématopoïèse entre les mammifères et la drosophile, mes résultats posent la question de la conservation du réseau génique établi chez la drosophile et du rôle de la voie NF?B dans la niche hématopoïétique des mammifères lors d'une réponse à une infection.
- 1 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Réponse au parasitisme par des guêpes chez la drosophile : rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NFkB
Dans tous les organismes animaux la réponse immunitaire est divisée en deux composantes : la réponse humorale, qui consiste en la production d'un grand nombre de molécules toxiques pour le pathogène, et la réponse cellulaire, qui met en jeu des cellules immunitaires produites lors de l'hématopoïèse. Chez les mammifères adultes, l'hématopoïèse se déroule dans la moelle osseuse, où un microenvironnement particulier appelé " niche hématopoïétique " contrôle l'auto-renouvèlement, la prolifération et la différenciation des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques (CSH) à l'origine de l'ensemble des cellules sanguines/immunitaires. Suite à une infection par un pathogène, l'homéostasie du système hématopoïétique est modifiée, afin de permettre la mise en place d'une réponse immunitaire cellulaire adaptée. Le rôle de la niche hématopoïétique dans le contrôle de l'hématopoïèse suite à une infection reste à ce jour mal connu. La drosophile est utilisée comme système modèle pour étudier in vivo l'hématopoïèse et la réponse immunitaire. L'hématopoïèse a lieu chez la drosophile au stade larvaire dans un organe spécialisé appelé Glande Lymphatique (GL). Au sein de cet organe, un petit groupe de cellules, le Centre de Signalisation Postérieur (PSC), contrôle l'équilibre entre progéniteurs hématopoïétiques et cellules immunitaires différenciées, et a donc un rôle équivalent à celui de la niche hématopoïétique des mammifères. Suite à un stress immun, tel que le parasitisme par des guêpes, une différenciation massive de cellules immunitaires spécifiques, les lamellocytes, a lieu dans la GL; puis la dispersion de la GL permet la libération des lamellocytes dans la circulation lymphatique. Lors du parasitisme, la guêpe pond un œuf dans le corps de la larve de drosophile. En absence de réponse immunitaire cellulaire, l'œuf de guêpe se développe au dépend de son hôte, entraînant sa mort. En formant une capsule autour de l'œuf de guêpe, les lamellocytes neutralisent son développement et permettent la survie de l'hôte. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la réponse immunitaire cellulaire de la larve de drosophile au parasitisme par des guêpes. Je me suis plus particulièrement intéressée au rôle de la " niche hématopoïétique " dans cette réponse. Pour cela, j'ai initié une approche transcriptomique ayant pour but d'identifier les gènes spécifiquement exprimés dans le PSC en réponse au parasitisme. En parallèle, j'ai caractérisé le rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NF?B dans la GL lors de la réponse au parasitisme. La voie Toll/NF?B joue un rôle essentiel dans la réponse immunitaire humorale et son rôle dans la réponse immunitaire cellulaire reste à définir. Mes travaux indiquent que la voie Toll/NF?B est activée dans le PSC suite au parasitisme. Son activation est médiée par le facteur de transcription NF?B "Dorsal-related Immunity Factor" (Dif), qui est requis dans le PSC pour permettre la différenciation rapide et massive de lamellocytes et la dispersion des cellules de la GL. De plus, j'ai établi un réseau génique, impliquant les deux voies de signalisation Toll/NF?B et EGFR ainsi que les espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) dans le contrôle de la réponse au parasitisme. Une augmentation du niveau de ROS dans le PSC et l'activation de la voie EGFR dans les cellules immunitaires ont été décrits comme nécessaires à l'encapsulation des œufs de guêpe après parasitisme. Mes données établissent qu'ils sont en plus requis respectivement dans les cellules du PSC et dans les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques pour permettre la dispersion de la GL après parasitisme. Basé sur la forte conservation des voies de signalisation et processus moléculaires contrôlant l'hématopoïèse entre les mammifères et la drosophile, mes résultats posent la question de la conservation du réseau génique établi chez la drosophile et du rôle de la voie NF?B dans la niche hématopoïétique des mammifères lors d'une réponse à une infection.
- Open Access
- 11 March 2026
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in NAR Molecular Medicine
- Vol. 3 (2)
Genomic instability and mono-parental expression mitigate genomic shock in a cross-subgenus Leishmania hybrid
Hybridization, the merging of distinct genomes, is increasingly recognized as a major evolutionary force among eukaryotic pathogens, including facultatively sexual protist parasites like Leishmania and Trypanosoma. While it may contribute to pathogen virulence and drug resistance, hybridization remains poorly characterized, particularly how genetic distance between parental cells influences genomic compatibility and which compensatory mechanisms ensure hybrid viability. Here, we report the in vitro generation of an unusual sexual hybrid between Leishmania species infecting mammals (L. infantum) and reptiles (the Sauroleishmania L. tarentolae), and used this unique genetic model system to address these open questions. Our data provide evidence of genomic compatibility between even highly divergent Leishmania species, offering new insights into the evolutionary potential of Leishmania and related pathogens. We demonstrate that the genomic shock caused by the fusion of distinct genomes can be mitigated by two key mechanisms: (i) at the genomic level, chromosome loss allows the establishment of mosaic aneuploidy in the newly formed hybrid, and (ii) at the post-transcriptional level, preferential mono-parental allelic expression acts as a secondary compensatory mechanism. Our findings establish genome instability and post-transcriptional regulation as central processes in Leishmania hybridization, which may be of broad relevance to other biological systems undergoing genetic exchange.
- 11 March 2026
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in NAR Molecular Medicine
- Vol. 3 (2)
Open AccessGenomic instability and mono-parental expression mitigate genomic shock in a cross-subgenus Leishmania hybrid
Hybridization, the merging of distinct genomes, is increasingly recognized as a major evolutionary force among eukaryotic pathogens, including facultatively sexual protist parasites like Leishmania and Trypanosoma. While it may contribute to pathogen virulence and drug resistance, hybridization remains poorly characterized, particularly how genetic distance between parental cells influences genomic compatibility and which compensatory mechanisms ensure hybrid viability. Here, we report the in vitro generation of an unusual sexual hybrid between Leishmania species infecting mammals (L. infantum) and reptiles (the Sauroleishmania L. tarentolae), and used this unique genetic model system to address these open questions. Our data provide evidence of genomic compatibility between even highly divergent Leishmania species, offering new insights into the evolutionary potential of Leishmania and related pathogens. We demonstrate that the genomic shock caused by the fusion of distinct genomes can be mitigated by two key mechanisms: (i) at the genomic level, chromosome loss allows the establishment of mosaic aneuploidy in the newly formed hybrid, and (ii) at the post-transcriptional level, preferential mono-parental allelic expression acts as a secondary compensatory mechanism. Our findings establish genome instability and post-transcriptional regulation as central processes in Leishmania hybridization, which may be of broad relevance to other biological systems undergoing genetic exchange.
- Open Access
Cross-subgenus hybridization between Leishmania and Sauroleishmania informs on parasite genomic compatibility and transcriptomic adaptation
Summary: Leishmania parasites can enter a cryptic sexual reproductive cycle generating hybrid genotypes that can lead to unpredictable clinical outcomes and transmission cycles. Despite the importance of hybrids in Leishmania epidemiology, the mechanisms involved in their formation - including the impact of parental genetic distance - remain poorly understood. We report the in vitro generation of a hybrid between Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae, two species from sister phylogenetic clades circulating across Southern Italy, providing evidence of genomic compatibility. Whole-Genome Sequencing indicates that, while the hybrid is largely tetraploid, its genome is not just the sum of its parental content. RNA-seq analysis of the hybrid transcriptome uncovers significant differences in the abundance of orthologous transcripts expressed from both parental genomes, driven by either parent-specific gene copy number variations or differential mRNA turnover. These results demonstrate that, beyond genomic restructuring, post-transcriptional regulation may serve as an additional mechanism shaping viable hybrid phenotypes, potentially enhancing parasite adaptability and fitness.
Open AccessCross-subgenus hybridization between Leishmania and Sauroleishmania informs on parasite genomic compatibility and transcriptomic adaptation
Summary: Leishmania parasites can enter a cryptic sexual reproductive cycle generating hybrid genotypes that can lead to unpredictable clinical outcomes and transmission cycles. Despite the importance of hybrids in Leishmania epidemiology, the mechanisms involved in their formation - including the impact of parental genetic distance - remain poorly understood. We report the in vitro generation of a hybrid between Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae, two species from sister phylogenetic clades circulating across Southern Italy, providing evidence of genomic compatibility. Whole-Genome Sequencing indicates that, while the hybrid is largely tetraploid, its genome is not just the sum of its parental content. RNA-seq analysis of the hybrid transcriptome uncovers significant differences in the abundance of orthologous transcripts expressed from both parental genomes, driven by either parent-specific gene copy number variations or differential mRNA turnover. These results demonstrate that, beyond genomic restructuring, post-transcriptional regulation may serve as an additional mechanism shaping viable hybrid phenotypes, potentially enhancing parasite adaptability and fitness.
- Open Access
Leishmania allelic selection during experimental sand fly infection correlates with mutational signatures of oxidative DNA damage
Trypanosomatid pathogens are transmitted by blood-feeding insects, causing devastating human infections. Survival of these parasites in their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts relies on their capacity to differentiate into distinct stages that are the result of a co-evolutionary process. These stages show in addition important phenotypic shifts that often impacts infection, affecting for example parasite pathogenicity, tissue tropism, or drug susceptibility. Despite their clinical relevance, the evolutionary mechanisms that allow for the selection of such adaptive phenotypes remain only poorly investigated. Here we use Leishmania donovani as a trypanosomatid model pathogen to shed first light on parasite evolutionary adaptation during experimental sand fly infection. Applying a comparative genomics approach on hamster- isolated amastigotes and derived promastigotes before (input) and after (output) infection of Phlebotomus orientalis revealed a strong bottleneck effect on the parasite population as judged by principal component and phylogenetic analyses of input and output parasite DNA sequences. Despite random genetic drift caused by the bottleneck effect, our analyses revealed various genomic signals that seem under positive selection given their convergence between independent biological replicates. While no significant fluctuations in gene copy number were revealed between input and output parasites, convergent selection was observed for karyotype, haplotype and allelic changes during sand fly infection. Our analyses further uncovered signature mutations of oxidative DNA damage in the output parasite genomes, suggesting that Leishmania suffers from oxidative stress inside the insect digestive tract. Our results propose a new model of Leishmania genomic adaptation during sand fly infection, where oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair processes drive haplotype and allelic selection. The experimental and computational framework presented here provides a useful blueprint to assess evolutionary adaptation of other eukaryotic pathogens inside their insect vectors, such as Plasmodium spp, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi .
Open AccessLeishmania allelic selection during experimental sand fly infection correlates with mutational signatures of oxidative DNA damage
Trypanosomatid pathogens are transmitted by blood-feeding insects, causing devastating human infections. Survival of these parasites in their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts relies on their capacity to differentiate into distinct stages that are the result of a co-evolutionary process. These stages show in addition important phenotypic shifts that often impacts infection, affecting for example parasite pathogenicity, tissue tropism, or drug susceptibility. Despite their clinical relevance, the evolutionary mechanisms that allow for the selection of such adaptive phenotypes remain only poorly investigated. Here we use Leishmania donovani as a trypanosomatid model pathogen to shed first light on parasite evolutionary adaptation during experimental sand fly infection. Applying a comparative genomics approach on hamster- isolated amastigotes and derived promastigotes before (input) and after (output) infection of Phlebotomus orientalis revealed a strong bottleneck effect on the parasite population as judged by principal component and phylogenetic analyses of input and output parasite DNA sequences. Despite random genetic drift caused by the bottleneck effect, our analyses revealed various genomic signals that seem under positive selection given their convergence between independent biological replicates. While no significant fluctuations in gene copy number were revealed between input and output parasites, convergent selection was observed for karyotype, haplotype and allelic changes during sand fly infection. Our analyses further uncovered signature mutations of oxidative DNA damage in the output parasite genomes, suggesting that Leishmania suffers from oxidative stress inside the insect digestive tract. Our results propose a new model of Leishmania genomic adaptation during sand fly infection, where oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair processes drive haplotype and allelic selection. The experimental and computational framework presented here provides a useful blueprint to assess evolutionary adaptation of other eukaryotic pathogens inside their insect vectors, such as Plasmodium spp, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi .
- Open Access
Stress conditions promote the mating competency of Leishmania promastigotes in vitro marked by expression of the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2
Leishmania are protozoan parasites transmitted by the bite of sand fly vectors producing a wide spectrum of diseases in their mammalian hosts. These diverse clinical outcomes are directly associated with parasite strain and species diversity. Although Leishmania reproduction is mainly clonal, a cryptic sexual cycle capable of producing hybrid genotypes has been inferred from population genetic studies, and directly demonstrated by laboratory crosses. Experimentally, mating competency has been largely confined to promastigotes developing in the sand fly midgut. The ability to hybridize culture promastigotes in vitro has been limited so far to low efficiency mating between two L. tropica strains, L747 and MA37, that mate with high efficiency in flies. Here, we show that exposure of promastigote cultures to DNA damage stress produces a remarkably enhanced efficiency of in vitro hybridization of the L. tropica strains, and extends to other species, including L. donovani, L. infantum , and L. braziliensis , a capacity to generate intra- and interspecific hybrids. Whole genome sequencing and total DNA content analyses indicate that the hybrids are in each case full genome, polyploid hybrids. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the L747 and MA37 parental lines highlights the transcriptome heterogeneity of culture promastigotes and reveals discrete clusters that emerge post-irradiation in which genes potentially involved in genetic exchange are expressed, including the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2 . By generating reporter constructs for HAP2, we could select for mating-competent and mating-incompetent promastigotes. Overall, this work reveals that there are specific populations involved in Leishmania mating associated with a discernible transcriptomic signature, and that stress facilitated in vitro hybridization can be a transformative approach to generate large numbers of hybrid genotypes between diverse species and strains.
Open AccessStress conditions promote the mating competency of Leishmania promastigotes in vitro marked by expression of the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2
Leishmania are protozoan parasites transmitted by the bite of sand fly vectors producing a wide spectrum of diseases in their mammalian hosts. These diverse clinical outcomes are directly associated with parasite strain and species diversity. Although Leishmania reproduction is mainly clonal, a cryptic sexual cycle capable of producing hybrid genotypes has been inferred from population genetic studies, and directly demonstrated by laboratory crosses. Experimentally, mating competency has been largely confined to promastigotes developing in the sand fly midgut. The ability to hybridize culture promastigotes in vitro has been limited so far to low efficiency mating between two L. tropica strains, L747 and MA37, that mate with high efficiency in flies. Here, we show that exposure of promastigote cultures to DNA damage stress produces a remarkably enhanced efficiency of in vitro hybridization of the L. tropica strains, and extends to other species, including L. donovani, L. infantum , and L. braziliensis , a capacity to generate intra- and interspecific hybrids. Whole genome sequencing and total DNA content analyses indicate that the hybrids are in each case full genome, polyploid hybrids. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the L747 and MA37 parental lines highlights the transcriptome heterogeneity of culture promastigotes and reveals discrete clusters that emerge post-irradiation in which genes potentially involved in genetic exchange are expressed, including the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2 . By generating reporter constructs for HAP2, we could select for mating-competent and mating-incompetent promastigotes. Overall, this work reveals that there are specific populations involved in Leishmania mating associated with a discernible transcriptomic signature, and that stress facilitated in vitro hybridization can be a transformative approach to generate large numbers of hybrid genotypes between diverse species and strains.