Luca Caiazzo

Patients with severe COVID-19, especially those followed in the ICU, are at risk for developing bacterial and fungal superinfections. In this study, we aimed to describe the burden of hospital-acquired superinfections in a cohort of consecutive, severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized between February and May 2021 in the intensive care unit (ICU) department of San Salvatore Hospital in Pesaro, Italy. Among 89 patients considered, 68 (76.4%) acquired a secondary infection during their ICU stay. A total of 46 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 31 bloodstream infections (BSIs) and 15 catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) were diagnosed. Overall mortality during ICU stay was 48%. A multivariate analysis showed that factors independently associated with mortality were male gender (OR: 4.875, CI: 1.227–19.366, p = 0.024), higher BMI (OR: 4.938, CI:1.356–17.980, p = 0.015) and the presence of VAP (OR: 6.518, CI: 2.178–19.510, p = 0.001). Gram-negative bacteria accounted for most of the isolates (68.8%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (25.8%) and fungi (5.3%). Over half of the infections (58%) were caused by MDR opportunistic pathogens. Factors that were independently associated with an increased risk of infections caused by an MDR pathogen were higher BMI (OR: 4.378, CI: 1.467–13.064, p = 0.0008) and a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR: 3.451, 95% CI: 1.113–10.700, p = 0.032). Secondary infections represent a common and life-threatening complication in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Efforts to minimize the likelihood of acquiring such infections, often caused by difficult-to-treat MDR organisms—especially in some subgroups of patients with specific risk factors—must be pursued.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic resistance diffusion in healthcare settings has not been fully investigated. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among opportunistic pathogens isolated from patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation. An observational, retrospective, analysis was performed on confirmed cases of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the ICU department of San Salvatore Hospital in Pesaro, Italy, from 1 February 2021 to 31 May 2021. We considered all consecutive patients aged ≥ 18, under mechanical ventilation for longer than 24 h. Eighty-nine patients, 66 (74.1%) men and 23 (25.9%) women, with a median age of 67.1 years, were recruited. Sixty-eight patients (76.4%) had at least one infection, and 11 patients (12.3%) were colonized, while in the remaining 10 patients (11.2%) neither colonization nor infection occurred. In total, 173 microorganisms were isolated. There were 73 isolates (42.2%) causing bacterial or fungal infections while the remaining 100 isolates (57.8%) were colonizers. Among Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae were the most common species. Among Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and E. faecalis were the most common species. Overall, there were 58/105 (55.2%) and 22/59 (37.2%) MDR isolates among Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The prevalence of an MDR microorganism was significantly higher in those patients who had been exposed to empiric antibiotic treatment before ICU admission. In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among opportunistic pathogens isolated from patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation.