Beste Demirci

The current study aimed to characterize the regional histological, histometric and ultrastructural features of the epididymis in adult domestic cats ( Felis catus ) using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Eight adult cat epididymis samples (2 for SEM, 6 for light microscopy) were used as tissue material in this study. Epididymal samples were subdivided into six regions and examined following routine histological, histochemical and ultrastructural procedures. Histometric measurements included tubular diameter, luminal diameter, epithelial height, stereocilium height and smooth muscle wall thickness. Tubular and luminal diameters, as well as smooth muscle wall thickness, were significantly greater in region VI, whereas stereocilium height was highest in region I and epithelial height was lowest in region VI ( p < 0.05). The tubules were lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia. Basal, principal, narrow and apical cells were identified in the epithelial layer. Intraepithelial glands were identified in regions IV, V and VI. Spermatozoa were present in the lumen of all regions, with a greater visual accumulation in the distal segments. Secretory vesicles and macrophages were also detected in the lumen. Luminal macrophages were more abundant in regions IV, V and VI. Spermatozoa were observed to be embedded within stereocilia, and this morphological pattern was more frequently detected in region VI. PAS staining demonstrated positivity in stereocilia, narrow cells and secretion‐filled intraepithelial glands. As a result, the findings demonstrate distinct region‐specific morphological and histometric characteristics along the cat epididymis. These structural differences among epididymal regions may reflect variations in regional activity along the epididymal duct.

The most common extrapulmonary organ injury in cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is acute kidney injury (AKI). This study was designed to investigate the effects of tocilizumab and dexamethasone on antioxidant and proinflammatory cytokines in acute renal injury in rats with an oleic acid‐induced ARDS model. Six groups of rats were included in the research: (i) the CN group, (ii) OA group, (iii) OA + TCZ‐2 group, (iv) OA + TCZ‐4 group, (v) OA + DEX‐0.1 group, and (vi) OA + DEX‐10 group. The lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activities in the kidneys were statistically decreased in the OA + TCZ‐4 group. Glutathione levels were increased in the kidneys of rats in the OA group. Catalase activity increased in the OA + TCZ‐4 and OA + DEX‐10 groups. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) expression levels decreased in the OA + TCZ‐4 group. Histopathological findings such as atrophy/hypertrophy in the glomerulus, degeneration and necrosis in the tubular epithelium, hyaline debris in the tubule lumen, and capillary congestion were less prevalent in the OA + TCZ‐4 group. Renal SEM imaging revealed severe podocyte surface deterioration and structural damage to tubules in the OA, OA + TCZ‐2 and OA + DEX‐10 groups. Tocilizumab treatment at a dose of 4 mg/kg appeared to be more effective in certain evaluated parameters compared to other treatments in improving renal glomerular and tubular damage, expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐33), and antioxidant parameters in cases of oleic acid‐induced ARDS.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chia seed oil (CSO; Salvia hispanica L.) on the growth performance, haematological-biochemical parameters, immune-related gene expression, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were fed diets containing 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% CSO for 60 days. The results showed a significant improvement in final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in fish fed diets containing 1% and 2% CSO compared to the control group. Haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) levels increased in the CSO groups, while serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased significantly, particularly in the 1% CSO group. The observed decrease in liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT) suggested a hepatoprotective effect of CSO. In the stress test with A. hydrophila, the highest survival rate (80%) was recorded in the 2% CSO group. Furthermore, gene expression analyses performed on spleen tissue revealed an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in the groups fed with CSO, particularly at the 1% level. These findings indicate that adding 1–2% CSO to carp feed promotes growth, improves lipid metabolism, strengthens immune status, and increases resistance to bacterial infection. Consequently, the use of CSO as a sustainable and functional additive to fish oil in fish feed is suggested.

Avians use significant amounts of energy during flight that is supplied by muscles. The Common Pheasant, a member of the Phasianidae family, can fly swiftly over short distances and flies to evade predators. Pheasant species are terrestrial and have a global distribution. This investigation aimed to analyze the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles in pheasants. A cohort of 20 adult pheasants consisting of an equal number of females and males (10 each) was used. Dissections were performed on 5 females and 5 male pheasants for macroscopic evaluation. The remaining samples underwent immunohistochemical staining using an antimyoglobin antibody to measure the amount of myoglobin using a semiquantitative method. The wing muscles (musculi membri thoracici) were identified by examining the places where they originate and insert. The muscles of the pheasant wing are arranged to enable the bird to perform elevation, depression, rotation, flexion, and extension motions when flying. The myoglobin levels were highly concentrated to maintain stability in the elbow joint during flapping flight, and this can be attributed to the higher energy demand for extension while in flight. The ligaments in the propatagium maintain wing flexion in the natural position of the wing without requiring energy expenditure. Furthermore, the disparity in air velocity between the lower portion of the wing and the air moving above it contributes to the ease of wing movement during flight. The energy needed to maintain wing extension during flight may be attributed to the essential need for flight.

Çalışmamızda ülkemizde (Türkiye) Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde üretim istasyonu bulunan ve belirli dönemlerde doğaya salınan Adi sülün (Phasianus colchicus) kuyruk kaslarının anatomilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 20 adet yetişkin sülün kullanıldı. Sülünler anestezi altında sakrifiye edildikten sonra %10 formolin ile perfuze edildi. Makroskobik veriler, subgros diseksiyon ile stereo-mikroskop altında yapıldı. Çalışma sonunda kuyruk kaslarından musculus (m.) caudofemoralis, m. bulbi retricium, m. lavator caudae, m. depressor caudae,m. lateralis caudae, m. pubocaudalis externus ve m. pubocaudalis internus’un origo ve insertio noktaları belirlenerek tanımlamaları yapıldı. Sonuç olarak, bacağın önemli retraktör kaslarından olan m. caudofemoralis’in sürüngenlerde olduğu kadar gelişmediği gözlenmiştir. Kuyruğun denge ne manevra fonksiyonları yorumlanmıştır.

Aim to study: The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rainbow trout. Material and methods: This study was carried out on 10 rainbow trout's stomach and intestinal tissues using scanning electron microscope. In the study, 2.5% glutaraldehyde fixation and routine scanning electron microscopy procedures were applied. Results: The surface architecture of the gastrointestinal tract was examined in detail. It was observed that the mucosal folds in the stomach increased in number towards the pyloric region and were arranged in a configuration that allowed food to be directed to the intestine. The columnar cells of the digestive tract mucosa and the mucosal openings that allow mucus secretion were shown in detail. Conclusion: The gastrointestinal tract of trout, a carnivorous species, was studied in detail. The structure of the columnar cells, gastric glands and mucus openings of this system was revealed in three dimensions. The detailed anatomy of the mucosal surface, which is rapidly affected by food variation or pathological changes in fish, was revealed. This study will shed light on studies affecting the morphology of the digestive system.

Intraorbital muscles in the human are similar to those in the mammals as regards morphology and function, except for the absence of the retractor bulbi muscle in the human. The aim of this study is to determine the morphological and morphometric features of the eye muscles in the rat and guinea pig used as a model for various studies. Twenty-four bulbus oculi of 12 rats and 32 bulbus oculi of 16 guinea pig were investigated by subgross and histological methods. Certain morphometric data of musculi bulbi were obtained by stereo-microscope. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin for subgross procedures and preserved in Bouin solution for histological methods. The muscular part of the intraorbital muscles in the rat was examined and each muscle was determined to be originated from near the optic foramen and to be attached to sclera close to corneal limbus by tendinous ends. The intraorbital muscles of the guinea pig were relatively weak compared to the body size. The functional part of the intraorbital muscles located around the optic nerve was considerably short and attached to the sclera by the long tendinous ends. Retractor bulbi muscle was small muscle batch located ventrolateral of the optic nerve in rat and substantially weak muscle bundles that envelop the optic nerve in the guinea pig.

One of the leading causes of acute lung injury, which is linked to a high death rate, is pulmonary fat embolism. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines and the production of free radicals are related to the pathophysiology of acute lung injury. Antioxidants that scavenge free radicals play a protective role against acute lung injury. Gossypin has been proven to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory properties. In this study, we compared the role of Gossypin with the therapeutically used drug Dexamethasone in the acute lung injury model caused by oleic acid in rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups; Sham, Oleic acid model, Oleic acid+Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg), Oleic acid+Gossypin (10 and 20 mg/kg). Two hours after pretreatment with Dexamethasone or Gossypin, the acute lung injury model was created by injecting 1 g/kg oleic acid into the femoral vein. Three hours following the oleic acid injection, rats were decapitated. Lung tissues were extracted for histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, PCR, and SEM imaging assessment. The oleic acid injection caused an increase in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity, pathological changes in lung tissue, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione level, and increased TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 expression. However, these changes were attenuated after treatment with Gossypin and Dexamethasone. By reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress, Gossypin pretreatment provides a new target that is equally effective as dexamethasone in the treatment of oleic acid‐induced acute lung injury.

The study aimed to investigate the morphologic aspects of common carp's gill arch and gill rakers (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758), an omnivore and highest‐produced aquaculture species. The study used 10 common carp (395.35 ± 45.06 g) grown entirely under aquaculture conditions. The fish tissues were fixed with Glutaraldehyde (2.5%) for scanning electron microscopy and with formalin (10%) for stereomicroscopic examination. In the SEM examination, two types of taste papillae (Type II and Type III) were observed in the pharyngeal mucosa. Microridge‐like structures in the epithelial layer were found to have two forms. The study findings indicate a significant decrease in gill arch lengths from cranial to caudal and a significant increase in rakers per unit area, as determined through digital calliper measurements and stereomicroscopic examinations (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in measurements of gill arches and raker numbers between the bilateral symmetry of the gill arches (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it was observed that the epithelial structure on the common carp gill arch contained two types of microridge‐like structures: the gill arch length decreased from cranial to caudal, and the rake density on these arches increased caudally.