Márcio Neves Rodrigues

The use of lignocellulosic residues, originating from sawdust, in composting sewage sludge for organic fertilizer production, is a practice of growing interest. However, few studies have explored the effect of the proportion of sawdust and sewage sludge raw materials on composting performance in the humification process. This study assessed the addition of sawdust in the sewage sludge composting process, regarding carbon content, presence of heavy metals, and humification of the organic compost. The experimental design employed was a randomized complete block design with five treatments featuring different proportions of organic residues to achieve C/N ratios between 30–1 (T1: 100% sewage sludge and 0% sawdust, T2: 86% sewage sludge and 14.0% sawdust, T3: 67% sewage sludge and 33% sawdust, T4: 55% sewage sludge and 45% sawdust, and T5: 46.5% sewage sludge and 53.5% sawdust) and five replications, totaling 25 experimental units. The addition of lignocellulosic residue in sewage sludge composting increased the levels of TOC and the C/N ratio, reduced the levels of pH, P, N, Na, Ba, and Cr, and did not interfere with the levels of K, Ca, Mg, S, CEC, labile carbon, and metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb. The increase in the proportion of sawdust residue favored the degradation of aliphatic groups, increasing the presence of aromatic structures and reducing humification at the end of composting. The use of sawdust as a lignocellulosic residue in sewage sludge composting is a viable and efficient alternative to produce high-quality organomineral fertilizers. Graphical Abstract

RESUMO O cultivo de gramíneas em lodo de esgoto com aeração melhora a qualidade desse fertilizante, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, a liberação de exsudatos e a oxigenação favorecem a mineralização dos nutrientes e a humificação da matéria orgânica. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a decomposição de lodo de esgoto utilizando-se cultivo com gramínea e aeração para uso como adubo orgânico. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2 x 5, correspondendo à presença ou não de cultivo com Pennisetum purpureum em lodo de esgoto, combinado com cinco períodos de aeração: 0, 14, 28, 42 e 60 dias, com vazão de ar de 1.059 dm3.h−1.kg−1 de sólidos voláteis. As análises mostraram que a injeção de ar no lodo de esgoto não influenciou a decomposição da matéria orgânica e a realização de cultivo da gramínea em lodo de esgoto aumentou os teores de N, Ca, S, Na e resíduos minerais solúveis, bem como a condutividade elétrica, indicando sua mineralização. Em contrapartida, o cultivo diminuiu os teores totais de Fe e Pb, propiciando redução no risco de toxidez desses elementos. Para aplicação em solos agrícolas e áreas degradadas, o lodo de esgoto enquadra-se como da classe 2, atendendo completamente à norma vigente. Pelos baixos valores de C orgânico do lodo utilizado, a biomassa vegetal produzida pode ser incorporada ao lodo de esgoto para adequação e registro como fertilizante orgânico.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto sobre os teores de metais pesados e sódio no solo e nas folhas do girassol (Helianthus annuus L.). O experimento foi realizado em área de Nitossolo Háplico do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais em Montes Claros - MG. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro doses de lodo de esgoto da ETE Montes Claros – MG (0; 10; 20 e 30 t ha-1, em base seca), com seis repetições, no delineamento em blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados os teores de Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu e Na no solo e na planta. A aplicação de doses de até 30 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto na adubação de girassol não influenciou os teores de Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu e Na no solo e no tecido foliar da planta, não havendo limitação ao uso agronômico deste resíduo para os elementos citados.

Chickpea is the third most cultivated legume in the world. In Brazil, cropping of this legume is recent and definitions of fertilizer management techniques are scarce. In this study, the objective was to evaluate chickpea (BRS Aleppo) production and soil chemical attributes with and without phosphorus fertilization and leaf-applied molybdenum. A randomized block experimental design was used, with four replications. A 2 x 5 factorial arrangement was used to evaluate production, consisting of two molybdenum fertilization management practices (with and without molybdenum) and five application rates of P₂O₅ (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha^-1) in the form of single superphosphate. Soil sampling for evaluation of soil chemical attributes in the crop row and between rows was also considered. Molybdenum fertilization brought about greater stem and aboveground dry matter. Phosphorus fertilization increased stem, leaf, and seed yield, yielding a maximum of 2.83 t ha^-1 seed at the rate of 200 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅. However, maximum agronomic efficiency (8.30) was observed with the addition of 150 kg ha^-1 P. Soil in the crop row attained higher concentrations of P, K, H+Al, and P-rem and reduction in pH, Ca concentration, SB, T, and V compared to between rows. Phosphorus rates reduced soil pH and increased T and the P concentrations, though only in the plant row. Between the rows, no changes were observed in soil chemical attributes, indicating low mobility of P and the acidification capacity of superphosphate in alkaline soils.

In order to reduce the effect of heavy metals on the biosolid, it is necessary to promote its phytoremediation. It is important to know the total content and chemical forms of these elements in the residue for analyzing its behavior and potential toxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the fractionation and behavior of Cu and Zn in biosolid cultivated with Pennisetum purpureum in different periods. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design. The treatments, with five replicates, corresponded to Pennisetum purpureum cultivation in biosolid for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting. The total contents of Cu and Zn in the biosolid remained below the critical limits established by the CONAMA Resolution 357, and there was a reduction in these values with Pennisetum purpureum cultivation. Furthermore, the increment in the grass cultivation period caused intense reduction of Zn contents bound to organic matter, but there was an increase in soluble Zn and residual Zn. Additionally, there was an intense reduction in the content of Cu bound to sulfides. Therefore, for biosolid phytoremediation purposes, the grass should be cultivated for 150 days.

The pursuit for waste recovery has been the best way to contribute to environmental sustainability. The mix of sewage sludge (SS) from Sewage Treatment Plant with diatomaceous material containing oil (DE), used as a filter in biofuel production, can form a substrate rich in minerals and organic matter through vermicomposting. Therefore, this study aimed to produce vermicompost using worms, Eisenia foetida, from a pre-compost (PC) of sewage sludge and garden pruning residues mixed with different proportions of DE in relation to PC: 0; 7.53; 15.06; 22.59; and 30.12% v/v. The design was randomized complete blocks with five treatment replicates. The chemical characteristics of the vermicompost were analyzed after a period of four months. The proportion of up to 30.12% v/v of DE met the criteria established for agriculture uses, registration and marketing of the product as organic compost in accordance with the Normative Instructions SDA 27/2006 and 25/2009 from the Ministry of Agriculture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and nutrition of castor bean in response to fertilization with sewage sludge and potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) sulphate. The experiment was carried out from January to July 2011. The treatments, in a randomized block design with three replicates, in a Nitosol, corresponded to a factorial scheme (2 x 4 +1): two doses of K and Mg sulphate combined with four doses of sewage sludge (0, 2.60, 5.20 and 10.40 t ha^-1, dry basis), applied based on its nitrogen (N) content and the N requirement for the crop and an additional treatment with NPK. The castor bean grain yield fertilized with sewage sludge did not differ from conventional fertilization, with the maximum value achieved at a dose of 7.5 t ha^-1 of sewage sludge. The fertilization with sewage sludge increased zinc and copper levels in the soil to values close to or higher than those in conventional fertilization, without any influence on the concentrations in the leaf. Fertilization with K and Mg sulphate increased the levels of these cations in the soil without affecting the concentrations in the leaves. The fertilization with sewage sludge increased the contents of organic matter, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper and boron in the soil, and manganese and boron in castor bean leaves.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os teores de metais pesados no solo e em plantas de girassol adubadas com doses de lodo de esgoto. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Cambissolo Háplico, no período de abril a setembro de 2011. Os tratamentos, distribuídos no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, corresponderam a um tratamento com adubação química e cinco doses de lodo de esgoto aplicadas com base nos teores de N do resíduo e na exigência de N do girassol (0; 4,84; 9,68; 19,36 e 29,04 t ha-1, em base seca). Os teores de Zn no solo e na planta foram maiores nos tratamentos com a aplicação de lodo de esgoto quando comparados com a adubação química. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto resulta em aumento nos teores de Cu, Ni e Pb no solo e não apresenta influência sobre os teores de Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Cd e Cr neste substrato. Por outro lado, na planta, com o aumento da dose de lodo de esgoto, houve aumento dos teores de Zn, Cu e Mn e redução do teor de Pb.

The different methods of sewage sludge stabilization modify their physical chemical and biological properties, altering its efficiency when applied in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient levels in soil and the yield of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes. The experiment was conducted in Cambisol, with the treatments: control (without fertilization), fertilization with sewage sludge solarized, composted, vermicomposted, limed and chemical fertilizer recommended for sunflower crop. The experimental design a randomized block with four replications. The different methods of sewage sludge treatment did not affect the yield; however, the application of sewage sludge, regardless the stabilization process adopted, was more effective than chemical fertilizer and the control treatment. Overall, fertilization with limed sewage sludge provided higher soil nutrients concentrations, while treatments with composted and vermicomposted sewage sludge showed higher levels of nutrients in the plant.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto e de silicato de cálcio e magnésio sobre os atributos físicos de um Cambissolo Háplico, cultivado com girassol. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1, correspondendo a quatro doses de lodo de esgoto desidratado (0; 6,25; 12,5 e 18,5 t ha-1), duas doses de silicato de cálcio e magnésio (0 e 240 g m-1) e um tratamento adicional com adubação mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Após 150 dias da adubação, coletaram-se amostras de solos, nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, para avaliação da densidade aparente, densidade de partícula, porosidade total, grau de dispersão, grau de floculação, índice de estabilidade de agregados, diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico e resistência do solo à penetração. O tratamento adicional, correspondente à adubação mineral, não diferiu dos tratamentos correspondentes às adubações com lodo de esgoto e silicato de cálcio e magnésio, em relação aos atributos físicos do solo. Para o silicato de cálcio e magnésio, também não se constataram diferenças nos atributos físicos do solo, entre a dose zero e 240 g m-1. Por outro lado, a aplicação de lodo de esgoto diminuiu o grau de dispersão de argila e aumentou a porosidade total do solo, o grau de floculação de argilas e o índice de estabilidade de agregados a úmido, não tendo, porém, influenciado os demais atributos físicos.