Aida Omir

The problem of territorial socio-economic imbalances remains one of the key issues in Kazakhstan's regional policy, as differences between the economic potential of regions and the achieved social results persist even with sustained economic growth. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the transformation of economic and infrastructural resources of the regions of Kazakhstan into social results, primarily in reducing poverty and unemployment. The methodological basis of the study is the nonparametric method of Data Envelope Analysis (DEA), which makes it possible to assess the relative effectiveness of regions as decision-making units in converting resources into social outcomes. The results of the DEA analysis showed that 13 of the 20 regions achieved full efficiency, while 7 regions demonstrated relative inefficiency, including Almaty с. (0.8087), Mangystau (0.8840) and Pavlodar (0.9327) regions. At the same time, a territorial differentiation of social indicators was revealed: the depth of poverty varies from 0.3 to 1.6, and the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level ranges from less than 3% to more than 8%. The results showed that a high level of economic development in the region does not guarantee proportionately high social efficiency, and territorial imbalances are associated with differences in management efficiency and resource use. A promising area of further research is to expand the time coverage of the analysis through the use of panel data, which will allow us to assess the dynamics of the relative effectiveness of regions and identify trends in the transformation of economic resources into social outcomes.

This study investigates the multidimensional nature of household deprivation in Kazakhstan within the broader context of poverty reduction and sustainable development. Based on a nationally representative household survey (sample size 2005), the data were analyzed using factor analysis in SPSS 25 to uncover latent dimensions of deprivation. The analysis identified six components: socio-cultural, educational, medical, children’s basic needs, food, and infrastructure, which were synthesized into three integrated indices: basic, institutional, and socio-cultural. The results reveal pronounced regional disparities, with the southern and western regions showing higher levels of deprivation, whereas major cities perform significantly better. Income level is a key determinant: households below the subsistence minimum face the highest deprivation risk, particularly in the basic and institutional dimensions of deprivation. Sociocultural deprivation was weakly associated with income. These findings underscore the urgent need for regionally differentiated, income-sensitive policies to mitigate poverty and promote equity. This study offers empirical insights into an underexplored area, contributing to the understanding of household vulnerability in Kazakhstan.

This article analyzes the deficit of monetary income of the population of Kazakhstan for the period from 2013 to 2023. The deficit of monetary income is an obstacle to building a fair and prosperous society, which directly correlates with poverty rates in the country. Reducing the poverty level of the population is one of the main tasks that the country needs to fight. Income deficit is understood as the gap between the actual monetary income of households and the level necessary to meet basic needs. The purpose of this article is to identify and assess the deficit of monetary income of the population by regions of Kazakhstan and throughout the country. For the analysis, official statistics on population income were used. The methodology is a mathematical and statistical method, which calculates the deficit of monetary income of the population from 2013 to 2023 and a comparative analysis. The results of the study showed that the income deficit in Kazakhstan has a pronounced regional differentiation. The highest level of deficit is observed in rural areas and in regions with a low level of industrial development. The results obtained allow us to conclude that it is necessary to adopt comprehensive public policy measures aimed at reducing income inequality and improving the standard of living of the population, especially in rural areas and regions with low levels of development.

This article evaluates the socio-economic development of the regional monotowns of the Republic of Kazakhstan through the lens of the development of Karatau and Zhanatas monotowns. The study of the socio-economic development of monotowns in recent years has brought about significant changes both in the global economy and in the social sphere. According to statistical data, there are 27 monotowns, each varying in size, level of government support, and economic roles within their regions. Among them, Karatau and Zhanatas stand out, having acquired substantial government support in the last decade. Assessing the socio-economic development of Karatau and Zhanatas monotowns is crucial for improving the quality of life and societal sustainability. Consequently, the article focuses on examining data related to the socio-economic dynamics of monotowns and aims to systematize this information. The research methodology, statistical data analysis, and methods used to determine the overall level of socio-economic development form the basis of the article. The authors differentiate the level of socio-economic development of monotowns using their development rankings as a basis to assess their roles in the national economy. The study determined the level of differentiation in the development of Karatau and Zhanatas in the socio-economic sphere, along with their roles in the regional economy. The findings and conclusions of the research can be utilized in formulating development strategies for Zhanatas, Karatau, and other monotowns.

The study aims to assess the current state of the environment, urban pollution levels, and demographic indicators. This comprehensive assessment is crucial for understanding the multifaceted impact of urbanization and industrial activities on public health and environmental sustainability. During the study, a detailed trend analysis of emissions of liquid, gaseous, and solid pollutants was carried out, spanning several years to identify patterns and fluctuations in pollution levels. The study meticulously quantified the types and volumes of pollutants emitted, providing a clear picture of the environmental burden faced by urban areas. The economic aspects of environmental protection costs and their impact on reducing pollutant emissions were considered. Additionally, demographic indicators were examined: the number of births, mortality, and the number of children with special educational development needs, in order to identify the relationship between the level of pollution and public health. The results show that despite increased investment in environmental protection, emissions levels remain high, and negative impacts on public health continue. The main sources of pollution have been identified: industrial enterprises and transport. Recommendations are proposed to improve the environmental situation, including strengthening emissions controls, improving waste management infrastructure, and promoting green technologies. The implementation of these recommendations can help improve the air quality and health of Almaty residents, the sustainable economic development of the city, as well as improve the quality of life of the population

The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the Republic of Kazakhstan's healthcare sector over the period 2014-2021 using the non-parametric method of data envelope analysis. The analysis was carried out based on quantitative indicators of the medical statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study's results prove that efficiency tends to change over the medium term. Simultaneously, implementing digital technologies based on the computerisation and digitalisation of the healthcare sector in the short term is revealed to reduce overall efficiency, but that efficiency increases in the long term. The events of the COVID-19 pandemic did not reduce the overall efficiency of the healthcare sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Relevance. Public health effectiveness is crucial for population health, especially in the face of global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. The study applies the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to measure the efficiency of operating costs in the health care system across various regions of Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2021. Existing methods for assessing healthcare effectiveness often overlook the system's complexity, which turns DEA into a valuable tool to identify inequalities in healthcare availability and quality.Research objective. This study aims to employ the DEA model to measure the efficiency of operating costs in the health care system across regions of Kazakhstan in 2017-2021.Data and methods. The DEA model was chosen for its ability to analyze the efficiency of operating costs. Data were collected from the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Results. Our findings indicate the need for increased healthcare financing in specific regions, emphasizing the importance of transparent spending. The study concludes that the DEA model can regularly assess health financing, ensuring resources are directed where most needed. The novelty lies in establishing a link between financing and health outcomes.Conclusions. The study's results and methodology can be used by public health authorities in assessing operating costs' effectiveness, allocating resources judiciously, and making informed decisions to enhance the healthcare system.

For the Kazakhstani labor market, as well as for all world countries, the issue of gender inequality is relevant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current level of employment among men and women in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were set: to study the structure of employment in the regional aspect in terms of gender; to analyze the gap in the payment of average wages between men and women on the basis of the method of calculation proposed by the International Labor Organization; analyze the types of economic activity by the share of employed men and women and by the size of the average wage; consider the areas of economic activity with the highest wages. In the study and analysis of the factor of gender differences, a theoretical and empirical analysis was used. The analytical information from various sources of both local and international studies was studied. National statistics on demographics, socio-economic development and human development for the country as a whole, international and regional comparative statistics and indicators in the field of gender equality and women’s empowerment were studied. A conclusion is proposed about the existing dependence of the level of average wages of women and men on the type of economic employment in which they are involved. The results of this study will substantiate the current state of employment and wages among men and women in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Purpose of the work to analyze the features of the formation and functioning of the healthcare model and to summarize the experience of applying various methods of managing healthcare systems in developed and developing countries. Research method: descriptive research methods, analogy methods, groupings, scientific factual, systematic, comparative and retrospective analysis are used as instrumental methodological methods for studying the problem, but general scientific research methods (derivation, deduction, collection and processing of statistical information). This provides a basis for comparing the development of public health management tools applied in foreign countries. Analyzing the directions of development of health care systems in developed and developing countries, we find that, depending on the existing health care system, the goals, objectives and mechanisms of development can be similar or differ greatly. The search for the best model, carried out in both developed and developing countries, makes it impossible to create a unified approach to building a health care system that will ensure the creation of the most effective health care system. The effectiveness of the functioning of health care systems and the achievement of the goals set to improve people's health are less related to the implementation of specific management activities but are related to the socio-economic conditions of management. Their implementation and the existing healthcare system. This is confirmed by the similar rates of increase in life expectancy at birth in developed countries, despite significant differences in management tools and a natural difference in management tools.

The article analyzes the level of health indicators to predict the state of this social system and create a certain vision. The list includes coefficients reflecting the general socio-economic situation of the population: the total number of births, deaths, maternal mortality, and mortality of children under five years of age. For a more detailed study of the situation in the health sector, the amount of funds allocated for this direction was also determined. Such ratios reflect the social and economic well- being of the population. Another key indicator of health is the dynamics of mortality from diseases. According to this indicator, the highest mortality in Kazakhstan is observed from diseases of the circulatory system, but nevertheless, the incidence has decreased, reflecting the effectiveness of the health care system. One of the main goals of the article is a correlation analysis of factors influencing the life expectancy of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Correlation analysis revealed positive and negative factors. While digital literacy and health spending are positively correlated with population life expectancy, the number of hospital organizations and the number of hospital beds showed a negative relationship. This study showed that the level of digital literacy of the population has a significant impact on life expectancy and lifestyle. This is evidenced by the fact that in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have used digital tools to isolate people from each other for safety reasons, thus influencing the overall lifestyle. Today, developed countries are rapidly digitizing the healthcare sector.