Ana Beatriz Marques Honório

Annona emarginata produces alkaloids of ecological and pharmacological interest and is tolerant to water and biotic stress, so it is used as rootstock for other Annonaceae fruits. There are few reports in the literature on how contrasting water stress impacts the production of specialized metabolites in Annonaceae and how primary metabolism adjusts to support such production. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate how drought and flooding stress affect alkaloid concentration and the primary metabolism of young A. emarginata plants. Three water levels (flooding, field capacity, and drought) were studied at two moments (stress and recovery). Variables analyzed were gas exchange levels, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf sugars, total alkaloid content, alkaloid profile, and Liriodenine concentration. The photosynthetic metabolism of A. emarginata was affected by water stress, with plants having a greater ability to adapt to drought conditions than to flooding. During the drought, a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency with subsequent recovery, higher starch and trehalose concentrations in leaves, and total alkaloids in roots (480 µg.g⁻¹) were observed. Under flooding, there was a reduction in photochemical efficiency during stress, indicating damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, without reversal during the recovery period, as well as a higher concentration of total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in leaves, and Liriodenine in roots (100 µg.g⁻¹), with a lower concentration of total alkaloids (90 µg.g⁻¹). It could be concluded that there is differential tolerance of A. emarginata to water stress, inducing the modulation of alkaloid production, while drought promotes a higher concentration of total alkaloids and flooding leads to an increase in the Liriodenine concentration.

Alkaloids are products of the specialized metabolism of plants and temperature is a factor capable of modulating their biosynthesis. Species of the Annonaceae family biosynthesize alkaloids and present dormancy in their seeds, which can be overcome with the use of gibberellins. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether temperature variations and the use of gibberellin in seeds affect the production of alkaloids during germination and early development of Annona x atemoya Mabb. cv. ‘Gefner’ seedlings. Results showed that the temperature of 30 °C associated with imbibition in water caused an increase in the production of total alkaloids and liriodenine and that the use of gibberellin decreased production. In addition, it was possible to identify the presence of nine other alkaloids with organ-specific distribution. The presence of none of them was induced by the effect of temperature or gibberellic acid. Therefore, it could be concluded that temperature variation and the use of GA₃ alter the biosynthesis of alkaloids, with high temperature causing increased concentration, but the use of GA₃ reducing production.

The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome. In recent decades, a reduction in rainfall has indicated an extension of the dry season. Among the many native species of the Cerrado of the Annonaceae family and used in folk medicine, Annona crassiflora Mart. has fruits of high nutritional value and its by-products are sources of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids. The aim of the study was to investigate how water stress impacts the production of alkaloids. The study was carried out in a nursery, and the knowledge was flood, field capacity and drought. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidant enzymes, total soluble sugars, starch, reducing sugars, sucrose, total alkaloids and liriodenine were analyzed. We observed that plants subjected to drought had an increase in the production of total alkaloids and liriodenine, without a reduction in photosynthetic metabolism. Plants kept under drought and flood conditions dissipated higher peroxidase activity, while catalase was higher in flooded plants. Starch showed the highest concentration in flooding plants without differing from drought plants; the lowest trehalose concentrations were found in both drought and flooding plants. The drought stimulated the synthesis of total alkaloids and liriodenine without reducing the primary metabolism, which suggests adaptation to Cerrado conditions.