Ibrahim Said Abu-Alya

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) associated with several health advantages for prevention of human diseases. The Western diet tends to have high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) and low n-3 PUFA, indicating that the required consumption of these essential fatty acids is rarely met. The n-3 PUFA dietary enrichment of animal meat and eggs may aid in boosting the consumption of these fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are two long-chain n-3 PUFAs that are abundant in fish oils, linseed oil, and micro-algae. Giving these marine products to animals enhanced the amount of DHA in their tissues and yolks. Moreover, increasing DHA has been associated with positive effects on animal performance, reproduction, immunity, and bone strength in chickens. The results of feeding DHA-rich foods to monogastric animals improved human diets and also benefiting the animal. Currently, commercial chicken meat has more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids. According to published research, altering the broiler feed can change the lipid profile of commercial chickens. The lack of n-3 FAs in the diet can increase in some degenerative illnesses, including mental illness, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. It is important to address several issues linked to the commercial production of omega-3 chicken meat, including the choice of fatty acid source for the feed, production costs, customer acceptance, and stability of the chicken meat. The studies conducted in this area, as well as the potential effects of producing omega-3 chicken meat or poultry production and human health, are briefly reviewed in the current article.

Effects of long transportation (~ 900 km - Egypt) stress with or without the use of antistress formula on H/L ratio, stress hormones and plasma antioxidant enzymes were carried out in Japanese quail. The transported quail separated into two groups: G2 was the non-treated transported group, G3 was the treated group (given the antistress formula 48 h before and 24 h after transportation). The samples of blood collected before (G1) and after (G2 & G3) transportation. The G2 significantly had a higher heterophils %, H/L ratio, T4, malondialdehyde level, and corticosterone hormone concentration immediately on arrival and 24 h after transportation compared to G3. On the other hand, the results of the G3 significantly had a higher lymphocyte % and glutathione level immediately on arrival and after 24 h after transportation compared to the untreated group (G2). The total quail death throughout 24 h after 900 Km transportation were 21% (210 quail) for the G2 and 4% (40 quail) for the G3. The results indicate that the SH- antistress formula can help quail to better resist long-term transportation disorders which were reflected on the quail's physiological stability and avoid economic losses of poultry industry.

The current experiment was intended to investigate the hepatoprotective, immunostimulant activity, behavioural and anxiety responses of mice supplemented with Eruca sativa aqueous extract (ESAE) at a dose of 1% in drinking water in healthy and thioacetamide (TAA) intoxicated male mice. Eighty male albino mice were divided into four treatments of 20 mice each, with two replicates. The T1 considered as control group, T2 was the TAA intoxicated group, T3 was supplemented with ESAE only in drinking water for 3 weeks, and T4 supplemented with both ESAE for 3 weeks and TAA in the last 3 days in drinking water. The effect of ESAEwas assessed by estimation of erythrogram, leukogram, platelet count, N/L ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio, and by evaluating the activity of liver enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) as well as the behavioural responses and anxiety of mice were also recorded. ESAE administration markedly prevents the elevation of plasma liver enzymes after oral administration of TAA. The mice supplemented with ESAE (T3) had higher mean values of total protein, globulin, with lower neutrophils count and A/G ratio compared to the control group (T1) and TAA intoxicated mice (T2), indicating that ESAE has immunostimulant and hepatoprotective activity. The mice supplemented with ESAE (T3) groomed, scratched, and sniffed significantly more than mice of T2, with significantly less resting and sleeping. Regarding the elevated plus maze results; when comparing mice of T1 and T2 with other treatments, the mice of T3 and T4 showed a huge (P<0.05) decline in the quantity of closed arms entries, with a relating increase in the quantity of open arms entries. It is concluded that a daily oral dose of 1% ESAE improves mouse activity, reduces anxiety, and has immunostimulant and hepatoprotective activity.

| A feeding trial for 4 weeks was performed to estimate the impacts of dietary garlic oil and/or ginger oil on the growth performance, physiological responses, and gene expression of Nile tilapia fish ( Oreochromis niloticus) . A 180-healthy Nile tilapia having an average weight of 50.0±2.24 g was randomly distributed into 6 groups (30 fish/group/three replicates) as the following: T1 (control group) nourished with the basal diet only, T2 given the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% garlic oil, T3 given the basal diet supplemented with 1% garlic oil, T4 given the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% ginger oil, T5 given the basal diet supplemented with 1% ginger oil, and T6 given the basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 0.5% garlic and 0.5% ginger oil. The fish group received ginger oil in its diet at a 0.5% rate (T4) showed a significant increase of growth performance (overall body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) with a lower feed conversion ratio. Besides, garlic oil supplementation on fish diet at a 0.5% rate (T2) improved the overall body weight. The plasma biochemical parameters results indicate that garlic oil and/or ginger oil supplementation on the Nile tilapia diet at different levels raises markedly raises the T4 hormone level and reduces total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Moreover, administration of 1% garlic oil and ginger oil (T3 and T5 respectively) and both of them (T6) to the diet of Nile tilapia significantly (P<0.05) reduces the plasma urea and uric acid concentration. The results of gene expression showed that TNF- α and IL-1 β genes expression was the highest in the fish supplemented with 1% ginger oil (T5). It is concluded that garlic and/or ginger oil supplementation to the fish diet enhances growth as well as immunostimulant agents and improves the general health of Nile tilapia.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean with shrimp by-products (SBp) in African catfish (Clarias lazera) diets on productive (growth, digestibility, body composition, dressing yield, blood parameters, immunity) and economic performances. Therefore, 750 fingerlings (~20.0 g) were distributed into five groups of 150 fingerlings/group with three replicates (n = 50) per group. Group 1 was fed a basal diet, while G2 and G3 were fed diets containing 25% SBp (autoclaved and acid-treated, respectively) as soybean replacer for 12 weeks, while, in G4 and G5, SBp level was 50%. All growth and nutrient utilization parameters (body weight, Wg, ADG, PER, FCR, and digestibility), plasma proteins, and immunity significantly increased in G4 and G5. Anemia screening markers recorded insignificant differences between the tested groups and control one, whereas lipid markers of plasma and fish body decreased by autoclaved SBp and increased by acid-treated SBp. The African catfish body dry matter and crude protein percentages were enriched by the addition of SBp. Replacing the soybean meal decreases diet costs and diet costs/1 kg of weight gain. In conclusion, replacing soybean with SBp (especially 50% acid-treated) positively influenced productive and economic performances with friendly effects to avoid the environmental pollution by these wastes.

This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation (of drinking water) effects of L-Carnitine (LC) and/or calf thymus extract (TE) on immunity, antioxidant, duodenal histomorphometric, growth, and economic performance of Japanese quail. Six hundred, one day old unsexed quail were divided into four groups, the control group (G1) received plain drinking water, while G2, G3, and G4 were supplemented with LC and/or TE, respectively. The treated groups recorded a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, lymphocytes %, and plasma glutathione level compared to the G1. On the other hand, these supplementations significantly lower the mortality rate %, heterophil %, H/L ratio and plasma malondialdehyde level of the supplemented groups relative to G1. The supplemented groups recorded a non-significant increase in duodenal histomorphometric parameters (villous height, villous width, surface area, and crypt depth) relative to G1. Generally, LC and/or TE improve the values of economic profile (total returns, net profit, total return/total costs %, etc.) in treated groups compared to the control one. In conclusion, L-carnitine supplementation was more effective than TE or their combination with TE in the immunological, anti-oxidative, growth, and economic performance.