Ulviyya Rzayeva

The study’s focus is the country’s energy sector, including renewable energy production. The problem to be solved is modeling the impact of energy efficiency and renewable energy production on greenhouse gas emissions in the country. This study investigates the impact of energy efficiency and the transition to renewable energy sources on greenhouse gas emissions in Azerbaijan, where the energy mix remains dominated by fossil fuels. Using a regression–based analytical framework, the research quantifies the contribution of these factors to changes in emission levels over time. The empirical results demonstrate that improvements in energy efficiency, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) generated per unit of total energy consumption, exert the greatest influence on emission reductions. This finding suggests that economic growth driven by efficient energy use can serve as a key mechanism for decarbonization. In contrast, the expected mitigating effect of the share of renewable energy sources in the national energy balance was not statistically significant. This outcome is likely explained by the relatively small share of renewables in Azerbaijan’s total energy supply and the early stage of the country’s renewable sector. The study concludes that effective climate policy should combine measures to accelerate improvements in energy efficiency with initiatives to expand the use of renewable energy. The proposed model highlights the dual importance of optimizing existing energy consumption while investing in cleaner technologies. Based on the results, 80% of the annual change in a country’s greenhouse gas emissions can be explained by changes in factors such as renewable electricity generation, the share of renewable electricity in total electricity generation, and GDP per unit of energy consumption. The findings can be applied to the design of sustainable energy strategies and long-term decarbonization policies.

This study analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of the circular economy in Azerbaijan. The findings indicate that the absence of a comprehensive legislative framework hinders the establishment of a closed-loop resource utilization system, while the existing fragmented regulations reduce the effectiveness of implementing environmentally sustainable solutions. A key aspect of transitioning to a circular model is fostering partnerships between enterprises, including the creation of industrial symbioses, where the waste of one company serves as raw material for another. Government support for such initiatives, along with the reform of public procurement systems incorporating environmental criteria, can encourage businesses to adopt secondary resources and energy-efficient technologies. The implementation of a comprehensive approach, the promotion of innovative solutions, and economic support measures will establish a solid foundation for Azerbaijan's successful transition to a circular economy.

The study is dedicated to analyzing the current state of municipalities and local self-government bodies, their role within the system of public administration, as well as identifying the challenges and prospects for their development in the context of Azerbaijan. The research examines the specific features of interaction between state authorities and local self-governance institutions, including mechanisms for regulating powers, resource allocation, and the principles of subsidiarity. Particular attention is given to the legal framework, institutional stability, and the impact of state policy on the efficiency of municipal governance. The analysis has revealed shortcomings in legislative regulation, including unclear delineation of functions, the absence of accountability mechanisms, and limited opportunities for judicial protection. The study emphasizes the importance of financial and personnel stability for municipalities, the need to enhance the professional competence of municipal employees, and the active engagement of the population in local governance processes.

Bu tədqiqat ölkənin rəqəmsal xidmətlərə çıxışa, rəqəmsal platformalarda iş yerlərinin yaradılmasına və minimal xərclərlə innovasiyaların təşviqinə hazırlıq səviyyəsini qiymətləndirir. Araşdırmanın əsas məqsədi regionların iqtisadi potensialına təsir edən amilləri təhlil etmək və iqtisadi inkişafı təsir edə biləcək əsas dəyişənləri müəyyənləşdirməkdir. EViews proqram paketi istifadəolunaraq aparılan reqressiya təhlili dəyişənlərlə iqtisadi potensial arasındakı əlaqəni qiymətləndirməyə və hər bir regionun potensialını optimallaşdırmaq üçün vacib amilləri müəyyən etməyə imkan vermişdir. Əldə olunan nəticələr inkişaf strategiyalarının formalaşdırılması və iqtisadi qərarların qəbulunda dəyərli tövsiyələr verir.

The study examines the numerical solution of vibration control problems in a coupled system consisting of two interacting objects. The problem is solved under the assumption that the left boundary of the distributed system is fixed, while an object with lumped parameters is attached to the right boundary, where a boundary control action is also applied to the distributed system. Special attention is given to obtaining a numerical solution to the problem. The solution is approached using two methods: the gradient projection method and, due to the linearity of the boundary problem concerning phase coordinates and control inputs, the method of successive approximations. By introducing an additional variable, the one-dimensional wave equation is approximated using the method of lines, transforming it into a system of ordinary differential equations of the 2n-th order. The resulting variational problem for the system with lumped parameters is then numerically solved based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The approximately optimal controls, obtained using the gradient projection method with a specially chosen step size, form a minimizing sequence of controls. Based on the numerical results, functional convergence is established. The method of successive approximations provides an optimal control solution as early as the second iteration, regardless of the initial control. This demonstrates the method’s efficiency and reliability for solving linear optimal control problems. The developed numerical techniques can be applied to optimize the dynamic behavior of complex mechanical structures, enhance system stability, and improve operational efficiency in various engineering applications

This study focuses on numerical solutions to control problems in oscillatory systems consisting of two distinct objects. The primary issue addressed is the effective modeling and control of oscillations in these systems, particularly through the interaction of two objects. The research yields significant results by demonstrating a method to transform the complex boundary value problem into a more manageable system of ordinary differential equations using the method of straight lines. The findings reveal the influence of boundary conditions on the dynamics of an object characterized by distributed parameters. The results’ unique features include applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle to solve the associated variational problem, effectively integrating the behavior of both objects in the system. The numerical approach adopted in this research simplifies the problem and enhances the precision of the solutions obtained. Moreover, the study examines the convergence of numerical methods, improving their applicability to practical scenarios. The computational results demonstrate the convergence of the functional and show that the gradient projection method provides a convergent sequence in the control space, even for ill-posed optimal control problems. The conditions under which these results are most applicable include scenarios where boundary effects play a critical role in system dynamics, offering a robust framework for further investigation and application in real-world systems. This work significantly contributes to the understanding of oscillatory systems and provides a foundation for future research in optimal control strategies, thereby advancing the field of dynamic system control

The object of this research is integrating green infrastructure into sustainable urbanization zones within the context of digitalization. The problem addressed is the difficulty of ensuring urban sustainability without considering the green infrastructure in urban and suburban areas. The article argues that city sustainability cannot be effectively addressed without integrating green corridors that connect urban and suburban zones. The research proposes using optimization and simulation models to plan and manage the expansion of green corridors in sustainable urban areas. The results highlight the importance of a joint approach to green infrastructure development in urban and suburban areas, showing that interconnectivity is crucial for long-term environmental sustainability. Findings were interpreted by illustrating how simulation models can be used to assess the effectiveness of green infrastructure in real-time. The research demonstrates that the digital modeling of green corridors enhances planning precision, ensuring better connectivity between the city and surrounding areas. The key features that solved the problem include an optimization model, which enabled efficient planning for green corridor expansion, improving connectivity between urban and suburban areas. The paper uses digital simulation tools that allow for real-time assessment of green infrastructure's sustainability impact, leading to better-informed decision-making. The results are applicable in urban planning and sustainability management within rapidly urbanizing cities. The findings are most effective when cities have access to digital tools and aim to enhance green infrastructure's role in sustainability strategies

The article examines corporate responsibility in the context of conflicting environmental and economic interests, which are exacerbated by the inadequacies of the legal framework. It emphasizes the importance of considering environmental factors in corporate decision-making and the necessity of developing a balanced legal framework that promotes sustainable development. The research also focuses on analyzing situations where legislative shortcomings lead to conflicts between environmental and economic interests. Based on comparative analysis, experience generalization, and the application of an eco-economic approach, the article provides recommendations for improving the legal framework to enhance corporate responsibility and ensure a balance between economic benefits and environmental preservation. This study specifically examines the situation in Azerbaijan, considering its status as an oil-producing country, and assesses the issues related to the environmental and ecological aspects of economic activities.

In the modern world, where efficiency, stability, and precision play a crucial role, the development and application of optimal control strategies in oscillatory systems hold significant importance. The issues related to the numerical solution of control problems associated with damping oscillatory systems consisting of two objects are considered. To numerically solve the discussed problem, the gradient projection method, based on the formula for the first variation of the functional, and the method of successive approximations, associated with the linearity of boundary problems describing oscillatory processes, are applied. The oscillations of one object are described by a wave equation with first-order boundary conditions, while a second-order ordinary differential equation models the oscillations of the other object. Furthermore, the original and the adjoint boundary value problems are solved using direct methods at each iteration step. An algorithm for the numerical solution of the problem is proposed, and based on this algorithm, a software code for implementation is developed. The numerical results obtained in the study demonstrate that there is convergence in terms of functionality, and the approximately optimal controls found in this process are minimizing sequences in the control space. The mechanism of controlling and regulating the operation of the system according to its input constraints is provided by observed feedback, allowing systems with limited excitation to maintain stability and optimal functioning in conditions of changing external or internal circumstances. The obtained results can also be used to forecast the system's behavior in the future, resource planning, prevention of emergencies, or optimization of production processes