Grzegorz Lota

Before lead‐acid batteries are used, they undergo a crucial formation stage that involves charging positive and negative plates. The process requires the application of a constant voltage or current to plates immersed in sulfuric acid solution. There are different methods for the formation, tank and container formation, in lead‐acid battery production. This study focuses on container formation, which includes three main techniques: air formation, water‐bath formation, and closed‐loop formation. This article explores differences between these methods and highlights distinctions between absorbent glass mat and traditional flooded lead‐acid batteries. This article examines the theoretical aspects of the formation process, including chemical changes in active materials, electrolyte role, and temperature behavior. It discusses the formation reactions for negative and positive plates, offering insights into the formation types and current application methods. A notable advancement is advanced charging system (ACS) technology, which provides faster and more efficient formation, especially for batteries requiring high ampere‐hour (Ah) capacity. By controlling the temperature and allowing a higher current input, ACS technology shortens the formation time while maintaining the battery characteristics. This study enhances the understanding of the formation process in lead‐acid battery production. The introduction of ACS technology highlights ongoing advancements and promises greater efficiency in lead‐acid battery manufacturing.

The synthesis and physicochemical characterization of composites consisting of CNOs and N-doped carbon nanomaterials, from polyacrylonitrile–poly(acrylic esters) block copolymers after thermal treatment and sulfur loading, were described.

The number of scientific publications on the impact of corrosion on current collectors on the working parameters of electrochemical capacitors is very limited. The aim of current research is to search for new, environmentally friendly chemical power sources and energy storage devices and to improve existing ones. Therefore, this article presents a simple and effective way to improve the life of a symmetric electrochemical capacitor by changing the direction of electrode polarization, which in turn inhibits the corrosion of the current collector. This slows the degradation of current collectors of positive electrode over long durations. However, activated carbon electrode corrosion also occurs. Experiments on capacitors with stainless steel and gold current collectors indicate that the lifespan of the latter is much longer than that of the former. Therefore, current collector corrosion has a distinct and detrimental impact on electrochemical capacitor operation. Moreover, the research results indicate that carbon corrosion results from current collector corrosive damage.

The study explores waste-derived sustainable materials from the eggshell's inner and outer layers. The materials work as an inert scaffold to reduce the carbon content in supercapacitors and as a Li-ion anode with a specific capacity of 280 mA h g⁻¹.

The addition of ionic liquids to the sulfuric acid electrolyte solution in a lead–acid battery inhibits corrosion of current collectors and sulfation of the negative electrode. This increases the service life of the entire device.