Kazi Ashraf Moinuddin
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Kazi Ashraf Moinuddin has a total of 7 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Felix Havugimana
University of Memphis
3 shared publications - Mohammed Yeasin
University of Memphis
3 shared publications - Gavin M. Bidelman
Indiana University
1 shared publication - Lijia Wang
The University of Memphis
1 shared publication Mohammed Yeasin
1 shared publication- Paul Park
Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
1 shared publication
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 31 May 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Neural Computing and Applications
- Vol. 37 (20) , 15923-15940
EGAN: an ensemble adversarial network for topology-preserving EEG data generation for predicting cognitive load levels
Learning representations and extracting meaningful patterns from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings is critical for analyzing cognitive events (e.g., predicting cognitive load). The primary challenges include individual variability, technical noise from unreliable sensor-skin contacts, and rapid temporal changes in the EEG recordings. Given the multi-factorial nature of the problems, deep learning models are natural choices for learning representations from the data. However, the extensive time required for data collection limits the number of subjects (samples) available, which is essential for building robust deep learning models. We introduce an ensemble generative adversarial network (EGAN) to generate high-fidelity EEG data. The EGAN generates multichannel EEG recordings and their spatial-spectral representation. Key design constraints were preserving topological structure and maintaining proper bias-variance trade-offs for building robust models. To ensure the quality of the synthetic data, we visually inspected the data generated by EGAN. We conducted spectral analyses to confirm that the quality and spectral similarity were comparable to EEG recordings. To illustrate the efficacy of data generated by EGAN, we developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict four levels of cognitive load. We used spatial-spectral representations (Topomap) from three frequency bands (i.e., $$\theta $$ , $$\alpha $$ , and $$\beta $$ ). We trained our model on real data and a mixture of original and EGAN-generated data with varying proportions (e.g., 50%, 70%, 100%) of real data for training. We compared the performance of models trained solely on original data to those trained on mixed data. Our results indicate that CNN models trained on EGAN-supplemented data significantly outperformed those trained using only real data across all three frequency bands and all training set proportions. For example, the model trained on the mixed data with 50% real data achieved classification F1 and accuracy scores of approximately 71%, 69%, and 72% for $$\theta $$ , $$\alpha $$ , and $$\beta $$ bands, respectively. The same model trained on only real data achieved approximately 52%, 57%, and 59% accuracy and F1 scores for the respective bands. These results demonstrate the utility of EGAN in generating high-fidelity EEG data, significantly advancing cognitive load analysis and modeling other cognitive events.- 31 May 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Neural Computing and Applications
- Vol. 37 (20) , 15923-15940
Open AccessEGAN: an ensemble adversarial network for topology-preserving EEG data generation for predicting cognitive load levels
Learning representations and extracting meaningful patterns from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings is critical for analyzing cognitive events (e.g., predicting cognitive load). The primary challenges include individual variability, technical noise from unreliable sensor-skin contacts, and rapid temporal changes in the EEG recordings. Given the multi-factorial nature of the problems, deep learning models are natural choices for learning representations from the data. However, the extensive time required for data collection limits the number of subjects (samples) available, which is essential for building robust deep learning models. We introduce an ensemble generative adversarial network (EGAN) to generate high-fidelity EEG data. The EGAN generates multichannel EEG recordings and their spatial-spectral representation. Key design constraints were preserving topological structure and maintaining proper bias-variance trade-offs for building robust models. To ensure the quality of the synthetic data, we visually inspected the data generated by EGAN. We conducted spectral analyses to confirm that the quality and spectral similarity were comparable to EEG recordings. To illustrate the efficacy of data generated by EGAN, we developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict four levels of cognitive load. We used spatial-spectral representations (Topomap) from three frequency bands (i.e., $$\theta $$ , $$\alpha $$ , and $$\beta $$ ). We trained our model on real data and a mixture of original and EGAN-generated data with varying proportions (e.g., 50%, 70%, 100%) of real data for training. We compared the performance of models trained solely on original data to those trained on mixed data. Our results indicate that CNN models trained on EGAN-supplemented data significantly outperformed those trained using only real data across all three frequency bands and all training set proportions. For example, the model trained on the mixed data with 50% real data achieved classification F1 and accuracy scores of approximately 71%, 69%, and 72% for $$\theta $$ , $$\alpha $$ , and $$\beta $$ bands, respectively. The same model trained on only real data achieved approximately 52%, 57%, and 59% accuracy and F1 scores for the respective bands. These results demonstrate the utility of EGAN in generating high-fidelity EEG data, significantly advancing cognitive load analysis and modeling other cognitive events. - Open Access
- 23 November 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Vol. 13 (23) , 7092
Auto-Rad: End-to-End Report Generation from Lumber Spine MRI Using Vision–Language Model
Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a major cause of chronic lower back and leg pain, and is traditionally diagnosed through labor-intensive analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans by radiologists. This study aims to streamline the diagnostic process by developing an automated radiology report generation (ARRG) system using a vision–language (VL) model. Methods: We utilized a Generative Image-to-Text (GIT) model, originally designed for visual question answering (VQA) and image captioning. The model was fine-tuned to generate diagnostic reports directly from lumbar spine MRI scans using a modest set of annotated data. Additionally, GPT-4 was used to convert semistructured text into coherent paragraphs for better comprehension by the GIT model. Results: The model effectively generated semantically accurate and grammatically coherent reports. The performance was evaluated using METEOR (0.37), BERTScore (0.886), and ROUGE-L (0.3), indicating its potential to produce clinically relevant content. Conclusions: This study highlights the feasibility of using vision–language models to automate report generation from medical imaging, potentially reducing the diagnostic workload for radiologists.
- 23 November 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Vol. 13 (23) , 7092
Open AccessAuto-Rad: End-to-End Report Generation from Lumber Spine MRI Using Vision–Language Model
Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a major cause of chronic lower back and leg pain, and is traditionally diagnosed through labor-intensive analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans by radiologists. This study aims to streamline the diagnostic process by developing an automated radiology report generation (ARRG) system using a vision–language (VL) model. Methods: We utilized a Generative Image-to-Text (GIT) model, originally designed for visual question answering (VQA) and image captioning. The model was fine-tuned to generate diagnostic reports directly from lumbar spine MRI scans using a modest set of annotated data. Additionally, GPT-4 was used to convert semistructured text into coherent paragraphs for better comprehension by the GIT model. Results: The model effectively generated semantically accurate and grammatically coherent reports. The performance was evaluated using METEOR (0.37), BERTScore (0.886), and ROUGE-L (0.3), indicating its potential to produce clinically relevant content. Conclusions: This study highlights the feasibility of using vision–language models to automate report generation from medical imaging, potentially reducing the diagnostic workload for radiologists.
- Open Access
- 16 October 2023
- Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in TechRxiv
Deep Learning Framework for Modeling Cognitive Load from Small and Noisy EEG data
Modern systems (e.g., assistive technology and self-driving) can place significant demands on the user’s working memory (WM), which can adversely impact performance (i.e., elevated risk of errors) and increase the cognitive load (CL). Robust prediction of CL from EEG remains a challenge due to the small sample problem, noisy recordings, ineffective data representation, and lack of robust models. This paper presents a holistic approach to developing a reliable prediction of CL. We used EEG data recorded following a modified Stenberg WM task in which four levels of CL were defined based on the encoding of 2, 4, 6, and 8 English characters. First, we address the problem of noise and “small sample” by generating large low noise data using eigenspace-based bootstrap sampling and generative adversarial network (GAN). Second, we transform EEG recordings into spatial-spectral images to capture spatial information. Third, we built parameter-optimized CNN models to predict four levels of CL using single-frequency bands (i.e., θ, α, β) and stacked (i.e., all three bands) representations. In our quest to provide interpretable models, we applied Gradientweighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to our models to localize the brain regions responsible for the prediction of CL. Empirical analysis of models trained using θ, α, β, and stacked representation show accuracy of 90%, 89%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Grad-CAM visualizations showed that the prefrontal, cerebellum, frontal, and parietal areas have the highest contribution to the prediction of CL.
- 16 October 2023
- Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in TechRxiv
Open AccessDeep Learning Framework for Modeling Cognitive Load from Small and Noisy EEG data
Modern systems (e.g., assistive technology and self-driving) can place significant demands on the user’s working memory (WM), which can adversely impact performance (i.e., elevated risk of errors) and increase the cognitive load (CL). Robust prediction of CL from EEG remains a challenge due to the small sample problem, noisy recordings, ineffective data representation, and lack of robust models. This paper presents a holistic approach to developing a reliable prediction of CL. We used EEG data recorded following a modified Stenberg WM task in which four levels of CL were defined based on the encoding of 2, 4, 6, and 8 English characters. First, we address the problem of noise and “small sample” by generating large low noise data using eigenspace-based bootstrap sampling and generative adversarial network (GAN). Second, we transform EEG recordings into spatial-spectral images to capture spatial information. Third, we built parameter-optimized CNN models to predict four levels of CL using single-frequency bands (i.e., θ, α, β) and stacked (i.e., all three bands) representations. In our quest to provide interpretable models, we applied Gradientweighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to our models to localize the brain regions responsible for the prediction of CL. Empirical analysis of models trained using θ, α, β, and stacked representation show accuracy of 90%, 89%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Grad-CAM visualizations showed that the prefrontal, cerebellum, frontal, and parietal areas have the highest contribution to the prediction of CL.
- Open Access
Micro-state-based neural decoding of speech categorization using Bayesian non-parametrics
Understanding the many-to-many mapping between patterns of functional brain connectivity and discrete behavioral responses is critical for speech-language processing. We present a microstate-based analysis of EEG recordings to characterize spatio-temporal dynamics of neural activities that underly rapid speech categorization decisions. We implemented a data driven approach using Bayesian non-parametrics to capture the mapping between EEG and the speed of listeners’ phoneme identification [i.e., response time (RT)] during speech labeling tasks. Based on our empirical analyses, we show task-relevant events such as resting-state, stimulus coding, auditory-perceptual object (category) formation, and response selection can be explained using patterns of micro-state dwell-time and are decodable as unique time segments during speech perception. State-dependent activities localize to a fronto-temporo-parietal circuit (superior temporal, supramarginal, inferior frontal gyri) exposing a core decision brain network (DN) underlying rapid speech categorization. Furthermore, RTs were inversely proportional to the frequency of state transitions, such that the rate of change between brain microstates was higher for trials with slower compared to faster RTs. Our findings imply that during rapid speech perception, higher uncertainty producing prolonged RTs (slower decision-making) is associated with staying in the DN longer compared lower RTs (faster decisions). We also show that listeners’ perceptual RTs are highly sensitive to individual differences. Our computational method opens a new avenue in segmentation and dynamic brain connectivity for modeling neuroimaging data and understanding task-related cognitive events.
Open AccessMicro-state-based neural decoding of speech categorization using Bayesian non-parametrics
Understanding the many-to-many mapping between patterns of functional brain connectivity and discrete behavioral responses is critical for speech-language processing. We present a microstate-based analysis of EEG recordings to characterize spatio-temporal dynamics of neural activities that underly rapid speech categorization decisions. We implemented a data driven approach using Bayesian non-parametrics to capture the mapping between EEG and the speed of listeners’ phoneme identification [i.e., response time (RT)] during speech labeling tasks. Based on our empirical analyses, we show task-relevant events such as resting-state, stimulus coding, auditory-perceptual object (category) formation, and response selection can be explained using patterns of micro-state dwell-time and are decodable as unique time segments during speech perception. State-dependent activities localize to a fronto-temporo-parietal circuit (superior temporal, supramarginal, inferior frontal gyri) exposing a core decision brain network (DN) underlying rapid speech categorization. Furthermore, RTs were inversely proportional to the frequency of state transitions, such that the rate of change between brain microstates was higher for trials with slower compared to faster RTs. Our findings imply that during rapid speech perception, higher uncertainty producing prolonged RTs (slower decision-making) is associated with staying in the DN longer compared lower RTs (faster decisions). We also show that listeners’ perceptual RTs are highly sensitive to individual differences. Our computational method opens a new avenue in segmentation and dynamic brain connectivity for modeling neuroimaging data and understanding task-related cognitive events.