Shady Helmi Awwad

Caffeine and chlorogenic acid are among the most extensively investigated bioactive compounds in coffee, tea, and other plant-derived products due to their noteworthy physical, nutritional, and industrial relevance. Caffeine is primarily acknowledged for its central nervous system stimulant activity, whereas chlorogenic acid, a phenolic ester, contributes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic health benefits. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines in order to systematically compile and summarize the extraction and analytical conditions reported for caffeine and CGAs in different matrices and to provide a structured comparison among the reported studies. All studies focusing on the extraction and/or quantification of caffeine and chlorogenic acids in several matrices were considered eligible. Three independent electronic searches were performed using PubMed, Science.gov, and BASE to identify relevant articles. Extraction of data was conducted independently by four authors based on consistent selection and extraction criteria. One hundred and twenty-five studies were identified. The results were summarized in tables including several parameters. Conventional extraction techniques, including aqueous and organic solvent-based methods, have formed the foundation for separating caffeine and chlorogenic acids. However, rising interest in green and sustainable technologies has shifted attention towards advanced approaches such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. These methods not only enhance extraction yields and reduce processing times but also align with environmental and safety concerns in the modern food and pharmaceutical industries. For quantification, high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet or mass spectrometric detection remains the benchmark, offering precision and reproducibility in different matrices. This review sheds light on recent advances and ongoing research in the extraction and quantification of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in different types of matrices. Continued innovation in green extraction technologies and robust quantification methods is essential for supporting scientific research applications.

This study aims to evaluate the levels of coffee lipids, diterpenes, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and caffeine in coffee samples with different roasting levels. Additionally, it aims to assess the impact of coffee extracts with/without omega-3 supplementation on lipid profile parameters. Liquid-liquid and soxhlet extraction, and quantitation were performed using HPLC-DAD. Two groups of Wistar rats were used: non-hyperlipidemic and hyperlipidemic. Blood samples were collected before and after hyperlipidemia induction after six weeks. The lipid profile: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL), and total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (TC/HDL) were determined. A positive correlation between coffee lipids, diterpenes, and caffeine levels with the coffee’s roasting degree was found, and a negative correlation for CGA. The study was conducted on rats fed with a healthy and hyperlipidemia-induced diet. Green coffee had a significant effect on the lipid profile of non-hyperlipidemic rats. It lowered the levels of TG, LDL, and TC/HDL, and raised HDL and non-HDL levels significantly compared with the control group. In combination, green coffee and omega-3 lowered TC, TG, LDL, non-HDL, and TC/HDL levels. Green coffee alone or in combination with (omega-3) lowered lipid profile parameters but increased non-HDL levels in non- and hyperlipidemic induced-rats.

Background: Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation may improve total hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels in people with normal or low vitamin D levels. However, there was no agreement on the potential therapeutic benefit of n-3FA on vitamin D toxicity. Objective: The current randomized controlled clinical study (RCT) sought to determine if daily omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation affected 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels. Methods: One hundred and twenty Jordanians aged 22 to 55 were randomly allocated into three groups supplemented with the dose of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly (D3) alone, 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (n-3FA) alone, or their combination (50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly + 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (D+). In addition, fasting baseline and follow-up (ten weeks; eight weeks supplementation plus two weeks washout) of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and leptin were assayed. Results: The n-3FA supplementation significantly decreased mean serum 25OHD levels (11.97±4.6 vs 16.5±4.8, P<0.001) compared with their peers in the D3 group who showed a significant increase in 25OHD levels (41.15±11.7 vs 19.34±6.8, P<0.001). The follow-up PTH mean levels were proportionally accompanied by significant alterations of 25OHD levels in the two study groups. Conclusions: This novel RCT provides that eight weeks of n-3FA therapy significantly reduced 25OHD levels, which adverse effects may accompany vitamin D status and its health-related consequences, such as bone homeostasis, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 conditions.

The leaves of Nicotiana glauca (N. glauca; Solanaceae) plant are a known, major human health concern. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and polyphenols composition of aerial parts of N. glauca collected from its wild habitat in Jordan, using Methanol-Conventional (MC) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction methods in addition to nicotine content determination using UHPLC. Our results showed that the MC extract contains fewer total phenols and flavonoid content than the 90% DES extract, (0.1194 ± 0.009 and 0.311 ± 0.020 mg/mL equivalent to gallic acid) and (0.01084 ± 0.005 and 0.928 ± 0.09 mg/mL equivalent to rutin), respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the prepared MC extract contain 635.07 ppm nicotine, while the 90% DES extract contain 1194.91 ppm nicotine. Extracts prepared using the MC and the DES methods exhibited weak antioxidant activities; the highest was a 33% inhibition rate (equivalent to ascorbic acid), obtained by the 90% DES extract,. The performed UHPLC-MS/MS analysis in this study also revealed the presence of variations in the detected compounds between the two extraction methods. Furthermore, this study found that environmentally friendly DES extraction of N. glauca produced higher phenol and flavonoid content than the MC method; this highlights the superior efficiency and environmental benefits of sustainable chemistry methods for extracting valuable phytoconstituents.

The leaves of Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae) plant, are known for its major cause of health concern. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and polyphenols composition of aerial parts of N.glauca collected from its wild habitat in Jordan, using Methanol-Conventional (MC) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction methods in addition to nicotine content determination using UHPLC. The results have shown that the MC extract contains fewer total phenols and flavonoid content than the DES extract at ratio of 90% (0.1194 ±0.009 and 0.311± 0.020 mg/mL equivalent to gallic acid) and (0.01084±0.005 and 0.928 ± 0.09 mg/mL equivalent to rutin), respectively. Moreover, the study showed that the MC extract contains 635.07 ppm nicotine compared to the DES extraction method, which contains 1194.91 ppm. Both the MC and the DES extracts exhibited weak antioxidant activities with the highest was 33%inhibition equivalent to ascorbic acid was found for DES at (90%) ratio. The UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of variations in the detected compounds between the two extraction methods used. This study found that en-vironmentally friendly DES extraction of N. glauca produced higher phenol and flavonoid content than MC method, highlighting green chemistry methods' superior efficiency and environmental benefits for extracting valuable phytoconstituents.

Diabetes is a widespread health issue that impacts people all over the globe. The Equisetum ramosissimum L. plant has numerous traditional uses and pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic effects.The objective of this study was to thoroughly examine the advantages of incorporating extracts from the aerial components of E. ramosissimum to control diabetic nephropathy. The phytochemical constituents of E. ramosissimum extract were explored using phytochemical and HPLC analysis, focusing on phenols and flavonoid content. The effect of plant extract was evaluated on different kidney function parameters linked to diabetic nephropathy (fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea) in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Histopathological changes in the liver were also examined. The results showed methanol and ethanol extracts of E. ramosissimum have a total content of phenols (equivalent to gallic acid, 7.62 and 8.97 mg/g) and flavonoids (equivalent to quercetin, 8.87 and 12.86 mg/g), respectively. After conducting the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, it was found that both the methanol and ethanol extracts contained isoferulic acid, ISO-Orientin, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin. Additionally, isoferulic acid, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin were present in the extracts. The ethanol extract of E. ramosissimum significantly impacted STZ-induced diabetic mice by reducing their fasting blood glucose levels, and their creatinine and urea levels (P < 0.005). In conclusion, E. ramosissimum ethanol extract has shown potential effects to counteract some diabetes consequences on kidney function. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate its effect on other diabetes-related complications.

The current study aims to assess the content of coffee oil, diterpenes, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in coffee beans, and to evaluate the effects of roasting degrees on bioactive compound levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These constituents were quantified using Soxhlet, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detecto (DAD). The outcomes exhibited a positive correlation between levels of coffee oil and diterpenes with a roasting degree. However, it demonstrated a negative correlation between caffeine and chlorogenic acid with a roasting degree. The male rats were categorized into two sections: healthy (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups. Rats have daily administrated 2 ml of coffee extract using an oral gavage subjected to different roasting degrees for 3 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, and creatinine in serum were assayed at baseline and end of the experiment. The highest significant elevation (Pa = 0.016) in the mean urea and creatinine levels was noted in the diabetic group administrated with dark coffee extract whereas the lowest elevation was in the diabetic group administrated with green coffee extract. In conclusion, our study has shown that coffee roasting degree may have a potential negative effect on kidney function that may accelerate or exacerbate diabetic nephropathy in induced diabetic rats. A noteworthy change in urea levels was observed in diabetic rats treated with dark-roasted coffee, which might be attributed to the decline in antioxidant constituents: chlorogenic acids and diterpenes.

This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperlipidaemic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Equisetum ramosissimum. 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay for antioxidants, Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl₃, and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, focusing on phenols and flavonoid content were performed. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the extract on lipid profile and body weight was evaluated alone or in combination with Atorvastatin in rats. The extract was shown to contain phenols (0.032±0.001 µg/g, equivalent to gallic acid), flavonoids (0.044±0.003 mg/g, equivalent to quercetin), and antioxidant IC₅₀ value of (1000.00±0.78 µg/mL). UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 8 different phenols and flavonoids. An in vivo study on healthy standard diet-fed animals and an induced hyperlipidaemic model showed a significant (P < 0.05) reducing effect of the extract alone and in combination with Atorvastatin on serum lipid profile. These findings revealed the potential advantages of the extract alone and in combination with statins for preventing or treating hyperlipidaemia, but need to be further explored.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine which catalyzes the formation of TNF-α from membrane bound TNF-α precursor protein. It has important role in various pathological diseases such as inflammation, anorexia, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and viral replication. Despite the reporting of a variety of TACE inhibitors of diverse chemical scaffolds whether peptide, peptide-like compounds or others, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic problems are reflected strongly on its clinical effectiveness. In this effort we employed a novel combination of k-nearest neighbor QSAR modeling to select the best critical ligand-TACE contacts capable of elucidation of TACE inhibitory bioactivity among a long list of inhibitors. The recurrence of one valid pharmacophore hypothesis among the successful models emerged the pharmacophore to be used as 3D search queries to screen the National Cancer Institute’s structural database for new TACE inhibitors. Eight potent TACE inhibitors were discovered with inhibition percentage exceeding 50% at 100 μM inhibitor concentration.

This study was designed to determine the levels of coffee oil and diterpenes and evaluate the correlation between the effect of excessive roasted coffee consumption on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL) and the roasting degree effect on the levels of coffee oil and diterpenes extracted from Coffea arabica. The coffee oil and diterpenes were extracted using soxhlet and liquid-liquid extraction. Sixty-six healthy normolipidemic male participants were assigned for this study which consisted of two stages. The first stage is the coffee abstaining stage where subjects were requested to abstain from drinking coffee for 2 weeks. The second stage is the coffee drinking stage which consisted of groups (the control group and coffee-drinking group). The levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and non-HDL were determined in all participants before and after the experiment. The results indicated that the coffee roasting degree demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of coffee oil and diterpenes ranging from 9.31% (green coffee) to 15.64% (dark roast) and from 0.205% (green coffee) to 0.300% (dark roast) for diterpenes. In conclusion, the current study revealed that excessive consumption of medium roasted coffee was associated with elevated non-HDL levels in normotensive nonsmoker healthy men which might be attributed to the positive association between the degree of roasting and diterpenes levels.