Jasenka Kranjčević

Existing research on tourism spatial planning primarily focuses on different political and economic systems (PESs)—but most often within capitalist democracies. However, there is a lack of research examining how frequent changes in PESs (capitalism, socialism and recapitalism) act as critical points, as they affect tourism spatial planning legislation, land use and spatial management. By analysing the spatiotemporal evolution of the Kupari tourist zone in Croatia (1880–2024), we investigate how PES changes act as critical turning points that shape tourism spatial planning and administrative practices. Key results reveal that tourism recovery and resilience are closely linked to the stability of PESs. Frequent PES changes (1) reduce the overall resilience of tourism and its institutions, (2) lead to recurring changes in tourism spatial planning legislation (e.g., ownership and land use) and (3) disrupt the positive correlation between space and tourism development. Frequent changes in PESs are reflected in legislation, as well as in challenges of compromise for issues closely related to tourism and spatial management. Only a stable PES can enable continuous monitoring of legislation and its spatial consequences in real time. An integrated methodology for monitoring legislation, together with a framework for spatial management, offers practical solutions for the sustainable management of tourist areas. These findings provide both scientific evidence and practical strategies for better harmonization of legislation with the resilience of tourism spatial planning on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.

Ploče is the only town in Croatia that was planned and built on the Adriatic coast as a result of social planning after World War II. As a planned port-industrial town, Ploče has been neglected in architectural research by experts and the wider public. Therefore, the subject of this research is the unexplored modern public architecture (built 1952-1970) that contributed to the transformation from a port-industrial town to a town with increasingly urban characteristics. The work is based on the research of scarce primary archival material, field research and comparison of public buildings of the same purpose built in Croatia in the same or similar time period. As Ploče has become increasingly urban over time, green areas have been analysed and arranged as one of the indicators of urbanity. Research and valorisation of the contemporary public architecture of Ploče has shown that it represents a piece of valuable Croatian architectural heritage, which has been neglected until now.

A project that stands out among Croatian hotel architecture of the second half of the 20th century is the unique Slavonia Hotel System (SHS), designed in the mid-1970s by a team of experts from the Urban Institute of Croatia and headed by architect Matija Salaj. The SHS project was based on the principle of standardization in terms of spatial-functional organization, architectural design, interior design, furnishing and visual communication elements as well as operation and market penetration, and was envisaged as the driving force behind continental tourism development in Slavonia and Baranja. This paper examines the planning framework, program specifications, and urban-architectural design of the hospitality and tourist facilities of the SHS (including a city hotel model in two variations, a spa hotel, and a motel) by utilizing sources from Salaj’s estate and archival documentation from the Urban Institute. Notably, it includes Salaj’s explanations of the SHS project and his perspectives on the features of hospitality and tourist facility architecture, as presented in professional journals and conference publications. These aspects are complemented by a review of tourism development trends in the 1970s and the characteristics of hotel architecture in market economy.

Based on the urban planning historical and comparative method, the paper gives a concise overview of the urban genesis of Ploče, a new port-industrial town, built in the 1945–⁠1990 period. As the youngest town on the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast, it developed after the demanding and extensive works on the regulation of the Neretva River and the construction of the Sarajevo-Ploče railway line to meet the needs of the port. Within the framework of social planning and on the basis of urban development plans, which involved mostly Croatian urban planners, a new town was soon built on a previously undeveloped rocky and swampy area. 80 years after the idea of a new town, the urban planning of Ploče undoubtedly represents the urban heritage of Modernism. The specific spatial identity can be presented for the needs of tourism and used for sustainable development planning.

Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata turizam je u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji dio planskog gospodarskog i društvenog razvoja. Uvođenjem zajamčenog godišnjeg odmora 1946. godine država se obvezala ugostiteljsko-turistički smještaj učiniti dostupnim. Kao poželjan model brzog i jeftinog masovnog smještaja prepoznati su turistički kampovi koji se grade u cijeloj Jugoslaviji, a poglavito na Jadranu. Izgradnju kampova prva je regulirala Hrvatska 1955. godine Zakonom o turističkom logorovanju koji je propisao vrstu terena, smještaja i tehničke opreme. Montažne objekte za smještaj proizvodi domaća drvna industrija, ali i zagrebačka tvornica Jugomont, proizvođač sustava panelne prefabrikacije namijenjene masovnoj stanogradnji. Jugomont 1961. i 1962. godine realizira i dvjestotinjak montažnih objekata od betonskih panela na otoku Krku, Crikvenici, Malom Lošinju i Poreču. Objekte projektiraju Jugomontovi arhitekti uključeni u razvoj sustava i tehnologije građenja. Izgradnja kampova postaje važan projektni zadatak i strukovna tema. Usprkos potražnji tržišta Jugomont je odustao od montažnih objekata namijenjenih turizmu zbog nemogućnosti i neisplativosti daljnjeg unapređivanja tehnologije turističkog smještaja.

Migration is a phenomenon that has been occurring since prehistoric times in which people change their permanent place of residence. In the modern era, when a migrant cross an international border during migration, it is called international migration. International migration can be legal or illegal. Illegal migration has affected various areas of life in Croatia over the last decade, including tourism. Although the public reaction to migrants during the migrant crisis in 2015 was mostly positive, later research has shown that illegal migrants still cause fear and a sense of insecurity among the population to a certain extent. To explore the impact of illegal migration on tourism, a survey was conducted among 60 representatives of the tourist boards of cities and municipalities from seven counties where the highest number of illegal border crossings was recorded. The research found that illegal migration has a negative impact on the perception of the security of tourists and local communities in border areas, which can lead to a weakening of tourism activities and confidence in the destination. Furthermore, it was found that there has been no decrease in tourism traffic to date, but also that the tourism sector in border areas is not trying to strengthen destinations’ resistance to illegal migration. In order to prevent the negative impact of illegal migration on tourism in the future, measures such as diversifying the tourism offer, improving security measures and intensifying cooperation between the tourism sector and local authorities should be taken.

Planned rural settlements are a reflection of socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions of society. The question arises whether there are planned rural settlements in Croatia and whether there is adequate awareness of the recognition of the spatial structure of the village as part of the spatial identity, i.e., the cultural heritage that is used in the planning of sustainable development and tourism? The research showed that in Croatia there is continuity in the planning of rural settlements, which confirms that rural settlements can be the concern of society, that is, the state. Through the planning of rural settlements, social understanding, scientific achievements, legal system, social relations, and numerous other factors are manifested. Due to the process of globalization and Europeanization, some believe that rural settlements have no prospects. Others, again, have a sentimental (romantic) attitude towards them and glorify its culture and way of life. The question is whether there is a more realistic “third way” that will accept modernization processes and at the same time respect spatial identity? In any case, the planning of rural settlements should be understood as a specific planning discipline that would: comprehensively solve the problem of rural settlements and rural areas, ensure development that respects heritage, arouse interest, and involve the local population, coordinate the cooperation of the local population and all those who work in rural areas space. Spatial planning of rural settlements is often reduced to the expansion of the construction area, without thinking about preserving the existing recognizable spatial structure. The result is an imbalance between construction and agricultural land, as well as a loss of spatial identity. The quality results of the spatial planning of rural settlements, among other things, will depend on the alignment of different sectoral policies to effective administration and self-government as all stakeholders of society.

U radu se na temelju tadašnje i recentne (domaće i strane) literature te prostornih planova istražuje međuodnos turističkoga i prostornoga planiranja u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji 1960-ih. Analitičko-interpretativnom metodom proučava se međuodnos tadašnjega društveno-političkog sustava, politika prema turizmu i prostoru, društvenoga planiranja, tijela uprave, institucija specijaliziranih za planiranje, turističkoga prometa, izrađenih prostornih planova, intenziteta izgradnje smještajnih kapaciteta i dr. Zaključuje se da su turističko i prostorno planiranje međusobno bili povezani društvenim planovima razvoja, a rezultati djelovanja u prostoru ovisili su o brojnim, često i nepredvidivim društveno-političkim čimbenicima. U praksi je provedba planova dodatno usložnjena jer su oni često djelovali apstraktno i kontradiktorno u političkom sustavu koji je imao ograničenu sposobnost za provedbu kvalitetnih, ali ponekad i utopijskih ideja.