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Background/Objectives: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetry may provide an objective approach for detecting subtle longitudinal structural brain changes in patients with epilepsy. This retrospective longitudinal study investigated regional and global brain volume changes observed during levetiracetam (LEV) monotherapy. Methods: Thirty-seven adults with epilepsy who underwent brain MRI before initiation of LEV monotherapy (MRI-1) and approximately 12 months later (MRI-2) were included. Automated volumetric segmentation was performed using volBrain, and within-subject changes in macrostructural, subcortical, and cortical volumes were evaluated. Results: No significant longitudinal changes were detected in global macrostructural measures, including white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid, total intracranial cavity, cerebral, cerebellar, brainstem, or ventricular volumes (all p > 0.05). In contrast, significant volume reductions were observed in the bilateral putamen, caudate nuclei, and thalami, as well as the left nucleus accumbens, bilateral insular cortex, and left occipital cortex (p < 0.05), whereas the right globus pallidus volume increased significantly. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate region-specific longitudinal volumetric changes during LEV monotherapy despite preserved global brain volumes. However, because this study lacked a longitudinal healthy control group, the observed changes cannot be definitively attributed to LEV and may also reflect epilepsy-related processes, normal aging, or other clinical factors. Automated MRI volumetry may represent a promising quantitative approach for longitudinal assessment, but its potential biomarker utility requires validation in larger prospective studies incorporating protocol-harmonized healthy controls and detailed clinical and treatment-exposure measures.

Background: Treatment of osteochondral lesion of talus (OLT), one of the crucial pathologies that can cause pain in the ankle, is guided by the age of onset, severity, and stage of the symptoms. For these reasons, early screening and early intervention for OLT become important. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for further evaluation. However, depending on the clinician’s experience, the diagnostic accuracy of the same images varies between physicians. In this study, we tried to determine the presence or absence of OLT using an AI-based hybrid model. Methods: This study applied Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (GradCAM), an image visualization technique, to OLT images. Features were extracted and combined from the original and GradCAM-applied images. Then, the most valuable features from this high-dimensional feature map were selected using the Neighborhood Component Analysis (NCA) dimension reduction method. In the last stage, the feature map with selected features was classified in the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier. Results: To compare the performance of our proposed model, feature extraction was performed with six pre-trained models accepted in the literature. These features were classified into six different classifiers. As a result, the proposed model achieved the highest success rate of 98.60%. The proposed hybrid model for detecting talus osteochondral lesions in ankle magnetic resonance images has obtained successful results. Thanks to this computer-aided system, experts’ workload will be reduced, and this system can be used in places without experts.

Objective: This study aims to examine the differences in cerebrospinal fluid among patients with acute infarcts, chronic infarcts, and healthy controls by evaluating the density of cerebrospinal fluid via computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain. Materials and Methods: In this study, density measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were retrospectively conducted from the lateral ventricle in a sample of 128 patients. The analysis incorporated diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) alongside CT scans of the brain. A circular region of interest (ROI) with an area of 0.25 cm² was consistently applied for the density measurements in each case. Results: The analysis of mean intraventricular density values in relation to infarct status revealed that individuals with acute infarction exhibited a mean density of 5.79 HU, which was the lowest recorded, while those without infarction had a mean density of 6.36 HU, representing the highest value. Conclusions: The analysis of changes in CSF using CT in acute and chronic stroke conditions plays a vital role in understanding the extent of neurological injury and in the development of appropriate therapeutic interventions. Evaluation of changes in CSF in acute and chronic infarctions plays a critical role in understanding the course of the disease.

Background: The morphological type of the acromion may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of various pathologies, such as shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff disorders. Therefore, it is important to determine the acromion’s morphological types accurately and quickly. In this study, it was aimed to detect the acromion shape, which is one of the etiological causes of chronic shoulder disorders that may cause a decrease in work capacity and quality of life, on shoulder MR images by developing a new model for image retrieval in Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems. Methods: Image retrieval was performed in CBIR systems using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures and textural-based methods as the basis. Feature maps of the images were extracted to measure image similarities in the developed CBIR system. For feature map extraction, feature extraction was performed with Histogram of Gradient (HOG), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Darknet53, and Densenet201 architectures, and the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) feature selection method was used for feature selection. The feature maps obtained after the dimensionality reduction process were combined. The Euclidean distance and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) were used as similarity measurement methods. Image retrieval was performed using features obtained from CNN architectures and textural-based models to compare the performance of the proposed method. Results: The highest Average Precision (AP) value was reached in the PSNR similarity measurement method with 0.76 in the proposed model. Conclusions: The proposed model is promising for accurately and rapidly determining morphological types of the acromion, thus aiding in the diagnosis and understanding of chronic shoulder disorders.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between psoas muscle lipoatrophy and facet and disc degeneration in patients with low back pain with lumbar spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: A total of 304 patients who had low back pain were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The lumbar MRIs of all patients were evaluated for signs of psoas muscle atrophy. Fat content for each muscle was graded semi-quantitatively (Grade 0-4). The disc and facet joint degenerations of each patient were also graded. Psoas muscle thickness was measured in the mediolateral axial plane parallel to the vertebra. Results: It was found that the mean right psoas muscle thickness score of the patients was 35.9±7.2 mm on average, and the mean left psoas muscle thickness score was 35.8±7.1 mm. It was also found that 41.8% of the right psoas muscle degeneration was grade 1, 41.1% was grade 2, 33.6% of the left psoas muscle degeneration was grade 1, 45.1% was grade 2, 64.1% of the right facet degeneration was grade 1, 23.4% was grade 2, and 53.9% of the left facet degeneration was grade 1, and 30.3% was grade 2. Conclusion: When lumbar spine MRI examinations are evaluated, psoas muscles must also be evaluated in terms of atrophy. Indicating psoas muscle lipoatrophy in patients with low back pain may be useful for better rehabilitation planning.

Aim: The objective of this study was to use diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to determine changes in the vitreous humor in diabetic retinopathy patients.Materials and Methods: All diabetic retinopathy patients over the age of 18 who had brain diffusion magnetic resonance imaging between May 1, 2019, and May 1, 2021, and whose images were available in the radiological information system were retrospectively scanned on our database. The study included 51 diabetic retinopathy patients and 51 non-diabetic control group patients. The t-test was used to compare the values of the vitreous humor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in diabetic retinopathy patients with control group patients.Results: Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly higher minimum, median, and maximum ADC mean values in the right eye than the control group (p=0.011, p=0.007, p=0.026). Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly higher median and maximum ADC averages in the left eye than those in the control group (p=0.020, p=0.012). Although the mean minimum ADC of the left eye was higher in diabetic retinopathy patients than in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.387).Conclusion: Because of the rise in ADC values in diabetic retinopathy patients compared to the normal control group, we detected that DWI could be used to assess if the vitreous humor is affected in this disease.

Kardiyak tümörlerin sınıflandırılması, klinik özellikleri ve radyolojik görüntüleme bulguları detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. İyi huylu miksomalardan kötü huylu anjiyosarkomlara kadar geniş bir yelpazedeki kitlelerin ekokardiyografi, BT ve MRG üzerindeki tipik görünümleri ile anatomik yerleşimleri karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmaktadır. Erken teşhis ve karakterizasyonun hayati komplikasyonları önlemedeki kritik rolü vurgulanırken, her bir tümör tipi için ayırıcı tanı kriterleri bilimsel verilerle açıklanmaktadır. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, clinical features, and radiological imaging characteristics of cardiac tumors. It details the typical appearances and anatomical locations of various masses, ranging from benign myxomas to malignant angiosarcomas, as seen on echocardiography, CT, and MRI. The text emphasizes the critical role of early detection and characterization in preventing fatal complications while providing differential diagnosis criteria for each tumor type based on scientific data.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to calculate the spleen size and volume, portal vein diameter, splenic vein diameter, and accessory spleen presence in children aged 0-18 years in the Turkish population by computed tomography, according to age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Abdominal computed tomography images of 406 children without systemic or organospecific disease were retrospectively analyzed in the study. Maximum interpolar length in axial and coronal sections in addition to maximum width at hilus level in axial sections of the spleen were measured in abdominal computed tomography. Luminal diameter measurements were obtained from axial sections at the level of the liver hilum of the portal vein and the hilus of the spleen of the splenic vein. RESULTS: As age increases, the axial longest dimension (ALD), axial longest thickness (ALT) and coronal longest dimension (CLD) dimensions also increase, and this increase is statistically significant (p < 0.001). The lowest splenic volume was measured in the 0-2 age group as 25.3 cm(3), and the highest splenic volume was 506.2 cm(3) in the 17-18 age group. Splenic vein diameter is between 1.9 mm and 11.0 mm, and the mean splenic vein diameter increases with increasing age. Portal vein diameter is between 4.1 mm and 14.9 mm, and the average portal vein diameter increases with age. The accessory spleen was seen in 22 (5.4%) children. Accessory spleen size ranged from 5 mm to 17 mm. There was a strong positive correlation between spleen volume and splenic vein diameter (r=0.696 p < 0.001). Similarly, there was a strong positive correlation between spleen volume and portal vein diameter (r= 0.704 p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It may be helpful to know the normal spleen volume in healthy children according to age groups in making the correct diagnosis of splenomegaly. We assume that it will play an important role in the accurate diagnosis of portal hypertension to know the upper and lower limits of the portal vein and splenic vein diameters.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may affect the adrenal glands. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the morphologic appearance of the adrenal glands by thorax computed tomography (CT). On CT scans, stranding in peripheral fatty tissue with enlarged adrenal glands may indicate signs of adrenal infarction (SAI). The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence of SAI and determine whether this finding may contribute to predictions of the prognosis of COVID-19. A total of 343 patients who had been hospitalized at Malatya Training and Research Hospital between September 1 and 30, 2020, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent thorax CT scans that included their adrenal glands. Of the enrolled patients, 16.0% had SAI. Moreover, 41.8% of patients with SAI and 15.3% of patients without SAI were treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patients with SAI had a significantly higher rate of ICU admission (p < 0.001). Mortality rates were also significantly higher among patients with SAI than those without p < 0.001). In this study, it was found that COVID-19 patients with SAI may have a poorer prognosis. More comprehensive studies are needed on this subject, but the present study may provide helpful preliminary information in terms of prognosis.