Oana Camelia Iatcu

Functional jellies represent attractive matrices for delivering bioactive compounds. This preliminary pilot study aimed to develop and characterize an agar-based jelly formulated with trans-resveratrol (RSV) and explore cognitive outcomes following its consumption in healthy adults. An agar-based jelly was formulated with a nominal amount of 200 mg of trans-resveratrol incorporated per approximately 5 g serving. RSV-containing and placebo formulations were evaluated for color, water activity, textural and viscoelastic properties, and sensory acceptance. Compared with the milk powder-containing placebo formulation, the RSV-containing jelly exhibited significantly lower firmness, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness than the placebo (p < 0.05), while adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and resilience did not differ significantly. Stress relaxation analysis revealed viscoelastic behavior in both formulations, with significantly higher equilibrium stress, relaxation time, equilibrium modulus, and viscosity in the placebo formulation (p < 0.05). In a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind pilot study, 20 healthy adults consumed one jelly daily for 21 days. There were no significant differences in working-memory performance over the intervention period and shorter TMT completion time in the RSV group at day 21 compared with placebo. No between-group differences were observed in Stroop interference. Given the study limitations including small sample size, potential practice effects, single-blind design, and compositional differences between formulations, the cognitive findings should be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating.

Long COVID, also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent multi-systemic symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, and respiratory dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that gut and oral microbiota play an important role in its pathogenesis. Patients with long COVID consistently exhibit reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium spp. and enrichment of proinflammatory taxa including Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Veillonella. These alterations may disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, sustain low-grade systemic inflammation, and influence host immune and neuroendocrine pathways through the gut–brain and gut–lung axes. Distinct microbial signatures have also been associated with symptom clusters, including neuropsychiatric, respiratory, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Proposed mechanisms linking dysbiosis to long COVID include impaired SCFA metabolism, tryptophan depletion, microbial translocation, and interactions with host immune and inflammatory responses, including autoantibody formation and viral antigen persistence. Preliminary interventional studies using probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation suggest that microbiome-targeted therapies may alleviate symptoms, although evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. This review synthesizes current literature on the role of gut and oral microbiota in long COVID, highlights emerging microbial biomarkers, and discusses therapeutic implications. While causality remains to be firmly established, restoring microbial balance represents a promising avenue for diagnosis, prevention, and management of long COVID.

The increasing presence of heavy metals in wastewater is a growing environmental and public health concern, particularly due to their role in promoting the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) through co-selection mechanisms. This review explores recent advances in real-time detection of heavy metals and some other pollutants using chemical sensors as a strategic tool to limit ARB proliferation. It provides an overview of sensor types, including electrochemical, optical, biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensors, and assesses their suitability for monitoring pollutants in complex wastewater matrices. Emphasis is placed on the integration of these technologies with Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, portable and autonomous systems, and data-driven approaches for multi-metal detection, selectivity enhancement, and predictive analysis. The review also discusses current challenges such as sensor stability, interference, and cost-efficiency, and outlines future directions in real-time environmental monitoring and antibiotic resistance control. Overall, chemical sensor-based monitoring offers a promising, scalable solution for safeguarding ecosystems and public health in the face of growing antimicrobial resistance.

Background/Objectives: Maternal dietary behaviors, including meal frequency patterns, may influence fetal growth. This study examined the associations between maternal meal frequency patterns during pregnancy—categorized as structured, moderately irregular, or highly irregular—and neonatal anthropometric outcomes, including weight, length, head, chest, and abdominal circumferences, and Apgar score. A secondary objective was to assess whether maternal education and household income modify these associations. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1025 mother–newborn pairs from a socioeconomically diverse Romanian cohort. Maternal meal frequency patterns were classified based on self-reported weekly consumption. Neonatal anthropometric outcomes were obtained from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics, assessed the associations between meal frequency patterns and birth outcomes. Interaction terms evaluated effect modification by maternal education and income. Results: Structured maternal meal frequency patterns were associated with a slight but significant reduction in neonatal length compared to highly irregular patterns (β = −0.36 cm; 95% CI: −0.68 to −0.04; p = 0.02). A borderline inverse association with birth weight was also observed (β = −63.82 g; 95% CI: −128.87 to 1.23; p = 0.05). No significant differences were found for other anthropometric indicators or Apgar score. Maternal education modified the association between moderately irregular patterns and chest circumference (β = 0.15 cm; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.25; p = 0.003), while household income modified the association with abdominal circumference (β = 0.14 cm; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.26; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Maternal meal frequency patterns were modestly associated with neonatal length, while socioeconomic factors modified specific anthropometric outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of considering social context in prenatal nutritional recommendations.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex interaction between heavy metals (HMs) and the gut microbiota, adopting a bidirectional approach that explores both the influence of HMs on the gut microbiota populations and the potential role of probiotics in modulating these changes. By examining these interconnected aspects, the study aims to offer a deeper understanding of how HMs disrupt microbial balance and how probiotic interventions may mitigate or reverse these effects, promoting detoxification processes and overall gut health. In addition, the review highlights innovative tools, such as biosensors, for the rapid, precise, and non-invasive detection of HMs in urine. These advanced technologies enable the real-time monitoring of the effectiveness of probiotic-based interventions, offering critical insights into their role in promoting the elimination of HMs from the body and improving detoxification.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major contributor to liver-related morbidity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic complications. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are first line in treating MASLD. Dietary approaches such as the low-glycemic-index Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and high fiber diets have demonstrated potential in addressing the metabolic dysfunction underlying this condition. The development and progression of MASLD are closely associated with taxonomic shifts in gut microbial communities, a relationship well-documented in the literature. Given the importance of diet as a primary treatment for MASLD, it is important to understand how gut microbiota and their metabolic byproducts mediate favorable outcomes induced by healthy dietary patterns. Conversely, microbiota changes conferred by unhealthy dietary patterns such as the Western diet may induce dysbiosis and influence steatotic liver disease through promoting hepatic inflammation, up-regulating lipogenesis, dysregulating bile acid metabolism, increasing insulin resistance, and causing oxidative damage in hepatocytes. Although emerging evidence has identified links between diet, microbiota, and development of MASLD, significant gaps remain in understanding specific microbial roles, metabolite pathways, host interactions, and causal relationships. Therefore, this review aims to provide mechanistic insights into the role of microbiota-mediated processes through the analysis of both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and their contribution to MASLD pathophysiology. By better elucidating the interplay between dietary nutrients, microbiota-mediated processes, and the onset and progression of steatotic liver disease, this work aims to identify new opportunities for targeted dietary interventions to treat MASLD efficiently.

The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI), plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health and influencing disease susceptibility. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut microbiota, has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through mechanisms such as reduced glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance. A balanced gut microbiota, or eubiosis, is associated with improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, potentially reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications. Various strategies, including the use of prebiotics like inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, resistant starch, pectic oligosaccharides, polyphenols, β-glucan, and Dendrobium officinale have been shown to improve gut microbial composition and support glycemic control in T2DM patients. These prebiotics can directly impact blood sugar levels while promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus enhancing glycemic control. Studies have shown that T2DM patients often exhibit a decrease in beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, like Roseburia and Faecalibacterium, and an increase in harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Prevotella. This review aims to explore the effects of different prebiotics on T2DM, their impact on gut microbiota composition, and the potential for personalized dietary interventions to optimize diabetes management and improve overall health outcomes.

Diet and eating behavior both play a crucial role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary intake and eating behavior in a population of patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was performed using 416 patients with T2DM and their dietary intake and eating behavior were assessed with validated questionnaires. Women scored significantly higher than men for emotional and restrained eating (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that emotional eaters consumed significantly more calories (r = 0.120, p = 0.014) and fat (r = 0.101, p = 0.039), as well as non-alcoholic beverages for women (r = 0.193, p = 0.003) and alcohol for men (r = 0.154, p = 0.038). Also, individuals who ate based on external cues consumed significantly more calories (r = 0.188, p < 0.001) and fat (r = 0.139, p = 0.005). These results demonstrate that eating behavior influences dietary intake. Understanding this relationship could optimize diabetes management and allow for more individualized nutritional guidance.

The present study focused on the development of gel-based capsules from sodium alginate and the fresh juice from different berries: chokeberry, sea buckthorn, and blueberry. Obtained through the extrusion method, the macrocapsules were added into yogurt, a well-known and consumed dairy product. In order to establish the changes that can occur for the food product, the samples were tested over 7 and 15 days of storage in refrigeration conditions. According to the results, the antioxidant activity increased during storage and gels can represent a good option for bioactive substances’ encapsulation. Sensorial analysis performed indicated that consumers are open to consuming yogurt berry capsules and, according to the results observed in the scientific literature, they no longer rejected the product due to the bitterness and sourness of sea buckthorn or aronia. Sea buckthorn capsules were brighter (L*) than chokeberry and blueberry capsules due to carotene content and dark colors. Minimal diameter variations and small standard deviations (SD = 0.25/0.33) suggest that extrusion methods and the Caviar box are good for gel capsule development. Yogurt luminosity varied with capsules; control had the highest, followed by sea buckthorn yogurt. Samples with chokeberry and blueberry (dark) capsules had lower luminosity. Over 8 and 15 days, luminosity slightly decreased, while a* and b* (hue and saturation) increased. Post-storage, the sample with chokeberry capsules showed a light purple color, indicating color transfer from capsules, with increased antioxidant activity. Differences between the samples and control were less pronounced in the sample with sea buckthorn capsules. Values for color differences between yogurt samples during the storage period revealed the most significant difference during the first storage period (day 1–8), with blueberries showing the lowest difference, indicating the stability of the blueberry capsules’ wall during storage.

Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not mutually exclusive and that changes in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may influence systemic inflammation and signaling pathways that contribute to pathophysiological processes associated with T2DM. With this background, our review highlights the effects of macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, on T2DM, specifically through their alterations in gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce. Additionally, we describe the influences of common food groups, which incorporate varying combinations of these macronutrients and micronutrients, on both microbiota and metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes mellitus. Overall, nutrition is one of the first line modifiable therapies in the management of T2DM and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence its pathophysiology provides opportunities for optimizing dietary interventions.