Ellen Eisenberg

Showcasing "the vibrancy of Sephardic culture in the City of Angels, and…its astonishing diversity, past and present," the two dozen essays featured in 100 Years of Sephardic Los Angeles disrupt traditional tropes of American Jewish history. Those who associate Sephardim principally with colonial America will discover recent waves of Sephardic immigrants: early twentieth-century Ottomans; postwar refugees from the Balkans, Greece, and Italy; and late twentieth-century Middle Easterners and North Africans. The project also disrupts New York–centric tropes by demonstrating Los Angeles's significance as a Jewish immigrant center and pushing back on the "Ashkenazi story" to "rewrite the Jewish history of Los Angeles."

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 OHQ vol. 112, no. 4 always implies a point of view” (p. 2). Each sub-region,therefore,has a theme.Great Plains writers’ “told of failure repeatedly averted by women’s pioneer tenacity,”while women of the High Plains “saw the area as underpopulated, underdeveloped, and underappreciated” (pp. 135, 165). The Pacific Northwest generally, and Oregon specifically, was apparently populated by whiners: “Women’s Oregon literature took the form of complaint” (p. 43). There are, perhaps, two reasons for her disparaging conclusion , pointing on the one hand to Baym’s methodology, and on the other to a persistent gap in literary scholarship. In evaluating books alone rather than (or along with) women’s newspaper and journal writings (which admittedly would have been an enormous undertaking), Baym has left unmined a vast collection of women’s writing that also speaks to “self development.” Abigail Scott Duniway’s The New Northwest,for example , provided a publishing home to numerous women throughout the region for their essays, fiction, and poetry. Many of these intriguing works never were reprinted between the covers of a book. Without these texts from which to draw, Baym’s usually insightful descriptions seem desultory when she turns to Oregon. It is also clear from Baym’s acknowledgements , bibliography, and the inclusion of particular authors that her descriptive analyses benefited from literary biographies and scholarly reprints. Yet, in this regard, the Pacific Northwest lags significantly behind other regions,with few such resources available.Ultimately , though, Baym declares: “I’m opening upthesubject,notsayingthelastwordaboutit” (p.2).Scholars of those“complaining”Oregon women should welcome this challenge and push the field of Pacific Northwest women’s literary history forward into the twenty-first century. Sheri Bartlett Browne Tennessee State University, Nashville Samuel Rothchild: A Jewish Pioneer in the Days of the Old West by Jack T. Sanders CreateSpace, Pendleton, Oregon, 2011. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 260 pages. $18.95 paper. At the time of his death in 1930, Samuel Rothchild was forgotten in Pendleton. Yet, as Jack T. Sanders demonstrates, Rothchild should be remembered as a Pendleton pioneer. Coming west from his boyhood home on a Kentucky farm in 1872, Rothchild settled first in Baker City and then Pendleton, quickly emerging as a civic and business leader and even defending the town in one of the last Indian wars.Sanders paints Rothchild not only as a notable Jewish pioneer but also as a quintessential westerner. Rothchild’s experiences capture the vicissitudes of western life.He engaged in every sector of Pendelton’s rapidly growing economy:farming and irrigation,mining,merchandising,and banking.Matching economic success with civic leadership, Rothchild won public office and influenced civic projects. He also suffered the kinds of major losses typical of a boom-andbust economy, leading to his departure from Pendleton in the 1890s. Modest ventures in Prescott, Arizona, and Republic, Washington, followed. Although he eventually regained stability in San Francisco, Rothchild never reclaimed his business or civic prominence. Sanders meticulously mines primary sources, particularly for the Pendleton years at the heart of the story. At times, the level of detail seems excessive.Do readers need to know that Rothchild was twice selected for a jury pool but not chosen as a juror? Do they need month-by-month accountings of his activities in 1891 and 1892? More often, however, Sanders uses these sources to create a compelling narrative, embroidering scraps of information with educated guesses where the record is incomplete. Such speculation, as when he  Reviews discusses the family’s life in Germany or their choice of Kentucky, is generally well reasoned and supported, although a few instances seem to overreach. Sources make clear, for example, that Rothchild was courting and expected to marry in 1878 — a marriage that did not occur; Sanders uses a single, indefinite account to suggest the identity of the girl involved. Later, he bases a discussion of Rothchild’s taste in women in part on this unconfirmed identification . To his credit, Sanders communicates clearly what is known and what is uncertain. Despite the subtitle, Sanders’s coverage of the Jewish aspect of Rothchild’s experience is somewhat uneven. He takes pains to situate Rothchild as a typical Jewish pioneer, drawing most...

And theGrande Ronde and Siletz reservations established. Indians were forcefully sent to the reservations tomake way for theflood of emigrants.Atwood thoughtfullyconsiders the ultimate impactofwhite settlement that"shat teredcenturies of Indian culture,"but, overall, she gives lighttreatmentof the Indians' plight (p. 185).Somemay findhermarch-of-progress approach to this storydisconcerting. The first surveyorswere facedwith a for midable task. Their ability to do itwell was extraordinary?despite clouds, rain, and trees obscuring the sun bywhich they established true North, theunrulyvegetation theiraxemen relentlesslycleared, and thedestruction of cor ner stakes andmounds by cows. But they were obliged by oath to make precisemeasurements for,as Surveyor General Preston proclaimed, "... on thetruthfulness will depend thevalue of theSurveys" (p. 35).Kay Atwood brought their truthforward to our time ? demanding our respect forher work as well as themaps and land boundaries we take forgranted today. Tina K. Schweickert Oregon State University VOICES RAISED INPROTEST: DEFENDINGNORTHAMERICAN CITIZENSOF JAPANESE ANCESTRY, 1942-49 by Stephanie Bangarth University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver and Toronto, 2008. Illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 296 pages. $85.00 cloth. $32.95 paper. Despite strikingparallels in the histories of JapaneseAmericans and JapaneseCanadians, and in the policies used against them during World War II, comparative treatments of the subject are few. Stephanie Bangarth's Voices Raised in Protest takesan important steptoward filling this gap by examining theAmerican and Canadian opposition towartime policies of removal, incarceration, and (in Canada) post-war deportation and expatriation. This carefully researched study convincingly demonstrates that,despite the similarities in policies, distinctive national discourses about rightsledopposition groups to articulate their objections differently. Bangarth, a Canadian scholar, begins by layingoutwartime policies restrictingJapanese Americans and Canadians. Although both countries forced Nikkei from their homes in the West and into inland camps, Canada focusedmore emphatically on dispersal to the eastern provinces, with the aim of assimila tion. In addition, while theAmerican policy of exclusion was reversed toward the end of thewar, Canada's program continued through the late 1940s,with a "repatriation" (actually expatriation) and deportation program aswell as continued emphasis on resettlement in the East. Nikkei were not able to return toBritish Columbia until 1949. Having established thepolicies' parameters, Bangarth turns her attention to their oppo nents. Focusing first on theAmerican Civil LibertiesUnion (ACLU) and theCo-operative Committee on Japanese Canadians (CCJC), and, in subsequent chapters,on dissent among Nikkei and other supporters (including ethnic minorities and religious groups), Bangarth traces thedevelopment of opposition inboth countries. Here, and in her discussion of the legal cases, she effectivelyhighlights the national differences in thediscourse ofdissent. American opposition towartime policies was grounded in the language of civil liberties, rooted intheConstitution. InCanada, opposi tion developed more slowly,peaking afterthe war's end and evolving fromappeals toBritish libertiestoa discourse of "human rights," based firston theAtlantic Charter and, later,on the Charter of theUnited Nations. This formula tion of human rights in the immediate post war years representeda significantcontribution by theCCJC and other opponents of the Nikkei Reviews 139 policy to latereffortsto secureminority rights in Canada. While Bangarth contributes significantly to our understanding of thesemovements in a comparative context, her treatment of the ACLU issometimes puzzling. Based on archival research, Bangarth demonstrates sharp divi sions over the issue (not unlike Judy Kutulas's The American Civil Liberties Union and the Making of Modern Liberalism, University of North Carolina Press, 2006). This detailed discussion makes clear that theorganization s national board quickly backed away from opposition toExecutive Order (EO) 9066 and refused to sponsor severalof the testcases chal lengingwartime restrictions.Yet, her framing of theACLU as theprinciple group opposing the policy of removal and incarceration, and references to itsopposition "from the begin ning," imply a stronger, more consistent stance (p. 52).During her discussion of the responses of theAmerican peace churches, forexample, Bangarth claims that "they were relatively quiet" in thewake of EO 9066 because "the ACLU, as a long-established and well-known civil liberties group, was leading the charge in thepolitical sphere" (p. 86). The confusing message about theACLU's role also extends to Bangarth's discussion of the court cases. Early on, she notes that theACLU "national board did not participate (in the test cases) until 1944, inEx Parte Endo" (p. 59). Later, shewrites aHirabayashi, Korematsu, Endo, and...