Konstantin Samoilov

Urban residents and especially children have limited contact with nature and are not sufficiently informed about the main problems of its protection and preservation. One of the aspects of increasing the environmental awareness of urban children is to familiarize them with the specifics of agricultural production. A significant problem in organizing agricultural-themed children’s gaming complexes is the creation of an appropriate infrastructure for exhibiting natural and agricultural processes and servicing visitors. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of used sea containers for facilities of educational and gaming infrastructure. An important characteristic of such containers is the ability to use them both individually and in various quantitative and combinatorial ways, forming the buildings necessary for exhibiting and servicing. The use of combined container groups makes it possible to organize appropriate temporary or permanent educational and gaming complexes in free territories within cities or suburbs, bringing them as close to consumers as possible. The children’s educational and game complex with agricultural themes is a set of organizationally and spatially interconnected buildings and structures that ensure the display of agricultural production processes based on the active participation of visitors.

Urban construction in flooding areas has a centuries-old history. Of the various flood protection systems used, the canal system proved to be the most effective. In most cases, the channels allow solving some problems in the field of passenger and freight transportation, complementing or duplicating land transportation by waterways. The best examples from world practice show the possibility of organizing commercially attractive spaces in areas where there are automobile and water-channel communications. The intensive growth of the city of Astana has led to the development of the left bank of the Yesil River, which has many water bodies and a high groundwater level. This, combined with flood waters and precipitation, periodically leads to flooding of vast territories. Sporadically carried out measures to drain overflowing reservoirs, build wells and drainage outlets only partially solve the annually escalating problem. In these circumstances, it seems advisable to use the experience of the United States, where a developed canal system has been formed in the city of Miami. The proposed canal system for the Nura district of Astana has a spiral-arc configuration. This is due to the peculiarities of the terrain and the location of existing water bodies. The canals connect to the riverbed of the Yesil River and ensure the diversion of excess water outside the city. As a result, there are areas with convenient street-road and water-channel connections to the existing urban transport infrastructure. This makes them suitable for active urban development.

Ensuring the process of sustainable development includes special attention to cultural heritage. Effective social strategies are being built on the basis of the use of cultural heritage. Historical buildings are, in fact, the physical preservation of the memory of the development of society in all its diversity. Of particular interest are the “historical scars”, which record phenomena such as a change in the design concept during construction; destruction, restoration, and addition of individual elements; a change and return of the original function; a change in the interpretation of the appearance; reconstruction and renovation. A peculiar illustration of this process is the history of the tomb complex of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkestan. During the development of the complex, the original idea was adjusted. The complex became more complicated, completed, and rebuilt. A special place is occupied by the innovative approach applied during the reconstruction at the end of the 14th century. The grandiose plan of Emir Timur has not been fully realized. The construction resumed at the end of the 16th century but did not lead to the completion of the complex. The unfinished building, which has a huge historical and cultural potential, can now be completed. This will illustrate the continuity of the cultural process as part of sustainable development.

The problem of preservation and optimal demonstration of architectural monuments to local residents and tourists is of constant scientific and public interest. An interesting example of such a monument is the mausoleum-khanaka of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkestan, which remained unfinished. Studies of this building have been conducted for more than one century. However, not all new materials take into account some aspects disclosed in previous years. For example, studies of foundations and walls conducted in the 1950’s suggested that during the main period of construction in the fourteenth century, only the completion of the complex was carried out, and not the construction of a completely new building. However, despite the publications confirming it, including those of the 2010s, the version of new construction on the site of the purposefully completely destroyed original complex is still widespread. Based on the authors' research, which was conducted in late 2022, the assumption of reconstruction and rebuilding of the mausoleum-khanaka complex of the XIV century project was confirmed. An assumption is also made about the shape of the main dome and portal, which remained unfinished. Taking into account the importance of the mausoleum-khanaka of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi for self-determination of the culture of modern Kazakhstan, it seems appropriate to consider the evolution of the complex and the prospects of its development, which is done in the proposed article.

The problem of preservation, and optimal demonstration of it to local residents and tourists of architectural monuments, is of constant scientific and public interest. Two concepts coexist in dialectical interaction: conservation to preserve the monument in the form in which it has come down to in our times, and restoration of the monument with the restoration of lost details. In each case, one or another decision is made, which finds both supporters and opponents. One of the aspects of this problem is the attitude to buildings that have long breaks in the history of conduct in their construction works. An interesting example of such a monument is the mausoleum-khanaka of Ahmed Yassawi in Turkestan, which remains unfinished. Given its importance for the self-determination of the culture of modern Kazakhstan, it seems appropriate to consider the planned design, which remains unrealized. For the first time, the article suggests, by way of discussion, several options proposed by the authors for solving the main facade of the mausoleum-khanaka and the shape of the central dome.

The need for a relatively quick solution to the problem of providing highways with roadside service facilities necessitates the development of a series of appropriate standard projects. To increase the efficiency of these series, it is advisable to carry out the interconnection of space-planning solutions based on a particular module. Taking into account the variety of planning and landscape characteristics of the sites for the placement of objects of the mainline service, it seems advisable to choose as a module not a square or rectangular, but a triangular configuration, which allows in most cases to harmoniously block the modules. The proposed roof module in the form of a “regular” triangle facing the tetrahedron has a structural basis in the form of a single-tier rod spatial plate. The principal space-planning solutions of all four dozen objects from the approved nomenclature of the mainline service performed in the process of analyzing the possibilities show the real possibility of solving the development tasks on the basis of this system. The use of the proposed modular system makes it possible to successfully solve a number of tasks to reduce the harmful impact on the environment and effectively use renewable energy sources. The work is devoted specifically to the field of design.

Территории с неприемлемыми естественными и искусственными трансформациями рельефа – довольно распространенное явление в архитектурно-градостроительной практике. Включение таких территорий в ткань города является сложной задачей ввиду большого объема работ по восстановлению рельефа, плодородности почв и наделения новой функцией прежде пустующей площади. Целью данного исследования является разработка проектного предложения по дальнейшей эксплуатации территории в качестве выставочного пространства. Объектом исследования выступает расположенный на территории города Алматы Аксайский карьер, занимающий 81 гектар и находящийся на западной границе города в новом, развивающемся районе. Авторы исследования опирались на опыт зарубежных авторов в сферах искусствоведения, архитектуры, социологии, геологии, физики твердой Земли и т. д. Также с точки зрения архитектуры были рассмотрены различные примеры выставочных комплексов и музеев современного искусства со всего мира. При написании статьи был использован метод, заключающийся в переходе от наблюдений к практике, а именно общенаучный диалектическийспособ познания. С его помощью был проведен анализ тенденции развития архитектурно-художественных направлений при проектировании зданий музеев, а также анализ способов рекультивации нарушенных территорий. Дифференциация полученных данных позволила сделать выводы по тенденциям развития архитектурно-художественных характеристик зданиймузеев и предложить варианты дальнейшей эксплуатации участка с неблагоприятными характеристиками рельефа. Результатом исследования стали несколько вариантов эксплуатации территории карьера, описанные с точки зрения затрат времени и ресурсов, а также будущей архитектурно-градостроительной ценности объекта. Исследование будет интересно специалистам в области архитектуры и градостроительства, поскольку имеет практическую значимость ввиду отсутствия предложений по застройке данной территории на текущий момент.

The need for a relatively quick solution to the problem of providing highways with roadside service facilities necessitates the development of a series of appropriate standard projects. To increase the efficiency of these series, it is advisable to carry out the interconnection of space-planning solutions based on a particular module. Taking into account the variety of planning and landscape characteristics of the sites for the placement of objects of the mainline service, it seems advisable to choose as a module not a square or rectangular, but a triangular configuration, which allows in most cases to harmoniously block the modules. The proposed roof module in the form of a "regular" triangle facing the tetrahedron has a structural basis in the form of a single-tier rod spatial plate. The principal space-planning solutions of all four dozen objects from the approved nomenclature of the mainline service performed in the process of analyzing the possibilities show the real possibility of solving the development tasks on the basis of this system. The use of the proposed modular system makes it possible to successfully solve a number of tasks to reduce the harmful impact on the environment and effectively use renewable energy sources.

Своеобразная политико-экономическая ситуация начала 1990-х годов в Казахстане вызвала некоторое замедление ранее достаточно высоких темпов массового строительства жилья и общественных зданий. Номенклатура субъектов проектной деятельности, ранее состоявшая преимущественно только из крупных проектных институтов различной степени специализации, пополнилась существенно потеснившими их и занявшими значительный сектор рынка многочисленными проектными и проектно-строительными фирмами, а также персональны­ми творческими мастерскими и индивидуальными проек­тировщиками, берущимися практически за типологически любой объект. Практически исчезло массовое типовое проектирование и строительство. Важнейшей образной характеристикой архитектуры Казахстанана рубеже веков стала своего рода полистилич- ность. В одну из характерных черт городской среды превратилась активная трансформация первых этажей. Существенно обновилась типология городской застройки. Резко расширилась, а в большинстве мест стала новым массовым явлением практика мемориального и особенно разноконфессионального культового строительства. Важным аспектом стало освоение значительно расши­рившегося ассортимента конструкционных и особенно от­делочных материалов и изделий, а также решение проблемы их совместимости с широко распространёнными. Значимой чертой архитектуры этапа стало, определённое этим массо­вое использование многоцветных сочетаний, включающих и очень насыщенные тона. Отражая эти процессы, казахстанская архитектура со­временного периода демонстрирует широкие возможности как единовременного комплексного формирования отдель­ных участков среды жизнедеятельности «под ключ», так и последовательного «вживления» отдельных элементов в складывающийся средовой контекст. Обретение государственной независимости Казахстаном активизировало и процессы архитектурной самоидентифи­кации, имевшие многовекторную направленность.