Marwan Rasmi Issa

Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are among the most frequent and preventable risks to healthcare workers. Behavioral models like the Health Belief Model (HBM) offer valuable insight into preventive behaviors, including those related to NSI. However, no validated tools currently exist to assess NSI-related beliefs using the HBM. Objective: To develop and validate the NSI-Prevention Beliefs Scale (NSI-PBS), a tool grounded in the Health Belief Model (HBM), to examine nurses’ perception about NSI risk and prevention. Methods: The study followed a structured scale development process, including literature review, expert validation, and a cross-sectional survey of 545 nurses was directed in July 2025. Psychometric evaluation involved exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA), as well as internal consistency testing, and measurement error assessment. Results: EFA identified a six-factor solution aligned with HBM domains: “Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits, Barriers, Cues to Action, and Self-Efficacy”. CFA confirmed good model fit (CFI =0.926, TLI =0.914, RMSEA =0.063, SRMR =0.058). All subscales demonstrated strong reliability (α =0.81– 0.93; ω =0.82– 0.93). The final version of this scale produced 25 items and showed robust psychometric properties, theoretical coherence, clear factorial structure, and low measurement error. Conclusion: This study contributes to literature by adding a new psychometrically sound and theory-based instrument for assessing NSI prevention beliefs among nurses. The NSI-PBS can be used to measure NSI-Prevention Beliefs in clinical settings and in designing training, risk profiling, and safety interventions for nursing staff and other healthcare workers.

Background: To ensure best possible patient outcomes, patient safety is a major component of healthcare delivery system that needs to be prioritized. Safety practices among nurses are essential to maintain patient safety, especially the practices of medication administration, handover, patient falls and unplanned extubations prevention. Purpose: To investigate the mediating effect of patient safety culture between the relationship of transformational leadership and safety practices among nurses. Methods: The data in this cross-sectional study were gathered from a survey targeted clinical nurses using a random sampling technique. The study was conducted in a medical city in Saudi Arabia, and two hundred nurses were surveyed. The Multifactor Leadership, Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, and Nursing Safety Practice questionnaires were used in the study. Results: The results revealed significant positive associations between transformational leadership, patient safety culture, and nursing safety practices. Moreover, patient safety culture mediates the association between transformational leadership and safety practices among nurses. Conclusion: Enhancing transformational leadership capabilities among nurse managers should be considered in order to improve nursing safety practices. Additionally, patient safety culture should be measured and improved periodically to ensure better nursing safety practices.

Background: Pain management, a crucial part of nursing care, is considered one of the most basic patient rights. To properly treat patients’ pain, nurses need a high degree of pain management awareness (PMA). The researchers hypothesized that nurses’ pain management awareness is affected by their emotional intelligence (EI). Purpose: Because there is a dearth of studies on this topic, the purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between emotional intelligence and pain management awareness in a sample of nurses. Methods: The study employed a descriptive design with a quantitative approach to analyze data from a survey designed with the simple random sample technique. The questionnaires were completed by 330 nurses working at six governmental hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (V23) and Analysis of Moment Structures (V23) were used to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaires and analyze the causal relationships among the variables. Results: The results revealed a significant positive relationship between nurses’ emotional intelligence and their pain management awareness. Conclusions: These findings suggest that having emotional intelligence is an important nurse characteristic for effective pain management awareness and possibly the provision of pain management care. Clinical Implications: Hospital and nurse managers as well as administration should consider using the emotional intelligence variables utilized in this study to develop ways to improve pain management awareness among nurses. Such efforts may help improve hospital and patient outcomes related to pain management.

Background: All hospitals are required to provide high-quality pain management; one of the most critical issues in achieving high-quality pain management is that the hospitals have a clear plan to manage the patients’ pain and improve the nurses’ awareness of pain management during the COVID 19 pandemic. However, there is a significant gap in the literature that this study can cover. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of model-based learning on nurses’ attitudes toward nurses’ pain management awareness during the COVID 19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia government hospitals. Method: The Heath Beliefs Model was used, with a quasi-experimental design, with per experimental one group pre-test post-test design, and a quantitative approach using self-administered questionnaires obtained from 330 nurses working with patients suffering from pain. IBM SPSS V23 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS)V23 were applied to analyze the causal relationships between the variables. Results: A two-step approach to analyze the study: the first step was to test the measurement models’ constructs’ reliability and validity. The second step was to test research hypotheses in the structural models. The results show a significant positive relationship between model-based learning and pain management awareness among nurses during COVID 19 pandemic. Furthermore, model-based learning fully mediated the relationship between nurses’ attitudes and pain management awareness. Conclusions: The study successfully improved nurses’ attitudes toward pain management awareness among nurses during COVID 19 pandemic. These findings will help strengthen the debate in the existing literature, and this is a new development window in the pain management area.