Rajat Mehrotra

The human brain’s computer‐assisted prognosis (CAP) system relies heavily on the self‐regulating characterization of tumors. Despite being extensively researched, the classification of brain tumors into meningioma, glioma, and pituitary types using magnetic resonance (MR) images presents significant challenges. Although biopsies are currently the gold standard for evaluating tumors, the need for noninvasive and accurate methods to grade brain tumors is increasing due to the risks associated with invasive biopsies. The objective is to introduce a noninvasive brain tumor grading system based on MR imaging (MRI) and deep learning (DL) utilizing probabilistic selection techniques. In the proposed method, the best three of the seven state‐of‐the‐art deep convolutional networks are chosen after extensive experimentation and combined with a probabilistic selection technique to enhance the overall performance of the proposed classification model. The results elucidate that the proposed model successfully classifies the tumor types into Glioma, Meningioma, and Pituitary achieving a sensitivity of 0.928, 0.939, and 0.992, respectively for each tumor type. Also, the precision in classifying the tumor classes is attained as 0.969, 0.932, and 0.957, respectively claiming an accuracy of 0.966, 0.956, and 0.983 for each of the three classes. The proposed model achieved an overall classification accuracy of 96.06%, surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art advanced and sophisticated techniques. Extensive experiments were performed on brain MRI datasets to demonstrate the enhanced performance of the proposed approach. The suggested probabilistic selection technique yielded promising classification results for brain tumors and exhibited the potential to leverage the strengths of various models.

A new artificial intelligence-based approach is proposed by developing a deep learning (DL) model for identifying the people who violate the face mask protocol in public places. To achieve this goal, a private dataset was created, including different face images with and without masks. The proposed model was trained to detect face masks from real-time surveillance videos. The proposed face mask detection (FMDNet) model achieved a promising detection of 99.0% in terms of accuracy for identifying violations (no face mask) in public places. The model presented a better detection capability compared to other recent DL models such as FSA-Net, MobileNet V2, and ResNet by 24.03%, 5.0%, and 24.10%, respectively. Meanwhile, the model is lightweight and had a confidence score of 99.0% in a resource-constrained environment. The model can perform the detection task in real-time environments at 41.72 frames per second (FPS). Thus, the developed model can be applicable and useful for governments to maintain the rules of the SOP protocol.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder in which patients cannot sleep properly. Accurate detection of insomnia disorder is a crucial step for disease analysis in the early stages. The disruption in getting quality sleep is one of the big sources of cardiovascular syndromes such as blood pressure and stroke. The traditional insomnia detection methods are time-consuming, cumbersome, and more expensive because they demand a long time from a trained neurophysiologist, and they are prone to human error, hence, the accuracy of diagnosis gets compromised. Therefore, the automatic insomnia diagnosis from the electrocardiogram (ECG) records is vital for timely detection and cure. In this paper, a novel hybrid approach based on the power spectral density (PSD) of the heart rate variability (HRV) is proposed to detect insomnia in three classification scenarios: (1) subject-based classification scenario (normal Vs. insomnia), (2) sleep stage-based classification (REM Vs. W. stage), and (3) the combined classification scenario using both subject-based and sleep stage-based features. The ensemble learning of random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) classifiers are used to perform the first and second classification scenarios, while the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier is used to perform the third combined scenario. The proposed framework includes data collection, investigation of the ECG signals, extraction of the signal HRV, estimation of the PSD, and AI-based classification via hybrid machine learning classifiers. The proposed framework is fine-tuned and evaluated using the free public Physio Net dataset over fivefold trails cross-validation. For the subject-based classification scenario, the detection performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy is recorded to be 96.0%, 94.0%, and 96.0%, respectively. For the sleep stage-based classification scenario, the detection evaluation results are recorded equally with 96.0% for ceiling level accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. For the combined classification scenario, the LDA classifier have achieved the best insomnia detection accuracy of 99.0% of the three cases as discussed. In future, the proposed approach could be applicable for mobile observation schemes to automatically detect insomnia disorder.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable pulmonary disorder and countries with low and middle-income share a higher TB burden as compared to others. The year 2020–2021 universally saw a brutal pandemic in the form of COVID-19, that crushed various lives, health infrastructures, programs, and economies worldwide at an unprecedented speed. The gravity of this estimation gets intensified in systems with limited technological advancements. To assist in the identification of tuberculosis, we propose the ensembling of efficient deep convolutional networks and machine learning algorithms that do not entail heavy computational resources. In this paper, the three of the most efficient deep convolutional networks and machine learning algorithms are employed for resource-effective (low computational and basic Imaging requirements) detection of Tuberculosis. The pivotal features extracted from the deep networks are ensembled and subsequently, the machine learning algorithms are used to identify the images based on the extracted features. The said model underwent k-fold cross-validation and achieved an accuracy of 87.90% and 99.10% with an AUC of 0.94 and 1 respectively in identifying TB infected images from Normal and COVID infected images. Also, the model’s error rate, F-score, and youden’s index values of 0.0093, 0.9901, and 0.9812 for TB versus COVID identification along with the model’s accuracy claim that its use can be beneficial in identifying TB infections amid this COVID-19 pandemic, predominantly in countries with limited resources.

Lung-related ailments are prevalent all over the world which majorly includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, pneumonia, fibrosis, etc. and now COVID-19 is added to this list. Infection of COVID-19 poses respirational complications with other indications like cough, high fever, and pneumonia. WHO had identified cancer in the lungs as a fatal cancer type amongst others and thus, the timely detection of such cancer is pivotal for an individual’s health. Since the elementary convolutional neural networks have not performed fairly well in identifying atypical image types hence, we recommend a novel and completely automated framework with a deep learning approach for the recognition and classification of chronic pulmonary disorders (CPD) and COVID-pneumonia using Thoracic or Chest X-Ray (CXR) images. A novel three-step, completely automated, approach is presented that first extracts the region of interest from CXR images for preprocessing, and they are then used to detects infected lungs X-rays from the Normal ones. Thereafter, the infected lung images are further classified into COVID-pneumonia, pneumonia, and other chronic pulmonary disorders (OCPD), which might be utilized in the current scenario to help the radiologist in substantiating their diagnosis and in starting well in time treatment of these deadly lung diseases. And finally, highlight the regions in the CXR which are indicative of severe chronic pulmonary disorders like COVID-19 and pneumonia. A detailed investigation of various pivotal parameters based on several experimental outcomes are made here. This paper presents an approach that detects the Normal lung X-rays from infected ones and the infected lung images are further classified into COVID-pneumonia, pneumonia, and other chronic pulmonary disorders with an utmost accuracy of 96.8%. Several other collective performance measurements validate the superiority of the presented model. The proposed framework shows effective results in classifying lung images into Normal, COVID-pneumonia, pneumonia, and other chronic pulmonary disorders (OCPD). This framework can be effectively utilized in this current pandemic scenario to help the radiologist in substantiating their diagnosis and in starting well in time treatment of these deadly lung diseases.

A Tumor infected brain is well thought-out as a fearsome disease. It is a spot that surfaces in the human brain from some irregular growth of the cell. The recognition and categorization of such an infected brain part through the MR imaging technique is a wearisome and stretched job. However, with a variety of techniques of Imaging, the sundry structure of the human brain can be visualized. Nevertheless, it is intricate to sense strange brain compositions with usual image processing techniques. MRI distinguishes and clarifies the neural design of the human brain. This paper put forward an analytical course of action for the recognition of brain tumors (BT). It focuses on the eradication of noise, features extraction based on gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and BT segmentation based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in order to augment the performance and shrivel the complexity. Morphological operation is performed to eradicate the noise that emerged due to segmentation. Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier is used to access the accuracy of BT detection. Experimental results exhibit a classification accuracy of 98.91% that shows the proposed system efficacy.