Piotr Kosiorek

Background: The three-year SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic showed that the virus was so common that it could cause asymptomatic changes in the hearts of athletes. ST-elevation (STE) is considered a benign, typical adaptive change seen during exercise in athletes. We have noticed changes in the STE pattern on the ECG during routine annual examinations of athletes, which may translate into new unknown risk factors for sudden cardiac death in athletes. Material and methods: Assessment of persistent STE (patterns A1, A2, B3, B2, B1) after the COVID-19 pandemic as a variant of past myocarditis in the population of healthy athletes. Results: Our ECG analysis of 1011 athletes from 2021 showed two years of STE in more than 80% of the people, at least over one heart wall, and in some trained athletes, common and bidirectional evolution of lesions with the elevation of the J point > 1mm. The inability to send asymptomatic players for testing is the downside of this work, just like the inability to verify the presence of the virus in the body with a PCR and antigen test. Conclusions: Statistically significant relationships were observed between anthropometric parameters and STE patterns on the heart's anterior, inferior and lateral walls and other ECG abnormalities in athletes. A persistent record suggests a history of myocarditis. Further monitoring of the population of young and adult athletes with STE is necessary, both in sports disciplines considered low (golf, canoeing) and high risk of death (football, martial arts, basketball) due to the risk of comorbid cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: myocarditis COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 white athletes sport

Vaccination has been considered the most crucial defence against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of the above vaccines in oncological patients. It has also been proven that, apart from vaccinations and oncological therapy, the course of the cancer process itself influences the magnitude of the humoral response, especially in people after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The phenomenon we observe seems to confirm the presence of a "natural" defence potential in a cancer patient's body, in this case, directed against infection with a viral pathogen. A "stronger" antiviral response also explains the asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in some of the above patients. To what extent the SARS-CoV-2 infection weakened the "natural" potential of the anticancer response in these patients remains an open question. Objective: This study aimed to answer the question about the impact of the cancer process on the humoral response in oncological patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in patients after COVID-19. Material and methods: One thousand six hundred and sixty-eight people were observed. Over 2 years, 5,082 SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibody samples were determined. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in groups of oncological patients: those undergoing anticancer therapy after contracting COVID-19 and those after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The obtained results indicate a naturally more significant humoral response in oncological patients who have not been vaccinated and have not undergone anticancer therapy, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgical intervention. The above observation applies to patients with breast, lung, colon, kidney, and testicular cancer, although the response varies significantly depending on the type of cancer. Graphical

The humoral response of the COVID-19 vaccine varies from person to person. It largely depends on prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, obtaining an adequate immune response, and leaving a trace of changing antibody concentration over time. We retrospectively analyzed five clinical cases from selected patients and employees of the oncology hospital. All mild COVID-19 convalescents received the BNT162b2-Comirnaty mRNA vaccine three or four times. The levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgM- and IgG-specific antibodies, as well as S-RBD antibodies, were analyzed for two years. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in the laboratory using the chemiluminescent immunoassay CLIA, MAGLUMI. Results: (1) Active autoimmune disease stabilized the level of IgG-specific antibodies after systemic mRNA vaccination for at least six months. (2) Post-vaccination IgG and S-RBD levels decreased when vaccination was performed within three months of onset. (3) The booster dose administered only increased the S-RBD antibody levels. Declining IgG-specific antibodies were observed. (4) The S-RBD IgG levels were not correlated with the SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in the vaccinated convalescents. (5) Subsequent reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination three times released a more significant specific antibody response. Based on the collected data, we suggest that monitoring S-RBD antibodies is sensitive but not equivalent to a specific humoral response for SARS-CoV-2 IgG. We suggested that administering at least three doses of the mRNA vaccine should serve as the basis for immunization. The three-month interval may be the best alternative to an immunization schedule for non-immunocompromised people.

Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response. Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured by SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing IgG antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in the following groups: convalescents; healthy unvaccinated individuals; individuals vaccinated with Comirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson; and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD-neutralizing antibodies were estimated in an oncology hospital laboratory by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise in antibody response in both the SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2) The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents were significantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from the control group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody concentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of the effectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering the time-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and the physiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring IgG antibody levels as a criterion for future vaccination.

Systemic vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine stimulates the humoral response.Our study aimed to compare the intensity of the humoral immune response, measured bySARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBD neutralizing IgG antibody levels, afterCOVID-19 vaccination versus after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed 1060 people in thefollowing groups: convalescents, healthy vaccinated individuals, individuals vaccinated withComirnaty, AstraZeneca, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson, and vaccinated SARS-CoV-2convalescents. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and S-RBDneutralizing antibodies were estimated in the oncology hospital laboratory bychemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA; MAGLUMI). Results: (1) We observed a rise inantibody response in both SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and COVID-19-vaccinated groups. (2)The levels of all antibody concentrations in vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents weresignificantly higher. (3) We differentiated asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 convalescents from thecontrol group. Our analysis suggests that monitoring SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodyconcentrations is essential as an indicator of asymptomatic COVID-19 and as a measure of theeffectiveness of the humoral response in convalescents and vaccinated people. Considering thetime-limited effects of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery or vaccination and thephysiological half-life, among other factors, we suggest monitoring the IgG antibody level as acriterion for the next vaccination.

Cannabinoids are known to attenuate learning and memory in both humans and animals. In rodents, disruptive effect of cannabinoids on memory, reversed by SR 141716, a specific CB(1) receptor antagonist, was shown in behavioral tests based on conditioning. There are no data concerning the influence of cannabinoids on recognition memory. Recently, the improvement of recognition memory in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor knock-out mice was reported. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether a stable analogue of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, R-(+)-methanandamide (0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and a potent CB(1) receptor agonist, CP 55,940 (0.025 and 0.25 mg/kg i.p.) affect recognition memory in rats evaluated in an object recognition test, based on discrimination between the familiar and a new object presented at 1h interval. Because cannabinoids at the higher doses can produce motor inhibition, the influence of both compounds on psychomotor activity was evaluated in an open field test. CP 55,940 and R-(+)-methanandamide, at both doses given once, 15 min before the learning trial, significantly attenuated recognition memory, measured by the difference in exploration of a new object and a duplicate of the familiar object. Moreover, CP 55,940 at the higher dose significantly attenuated ambulation, and bar approaches, and at both doses also rearings, evaluated in an open field, performed immediately after an object recognition test, while R-(+)-methanandamide at both doses did not alter locomotor and exploratory activity of rats. This is the first evidence that cannabinoids impair recognition memory in rats.

A single chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), which had moulted at the South Shetland Islands, was subsequently tracked during 120 days at sea in the austral winter using a global location system (geolocation) based on light intensity. The bird moved east along the Scotia Ridge to a point approximately 300 km west of the South Sandwich Islands and approximately 1600 km away from the colony in which it had moulted. It spent more than 60% of its time in open water north of the edge of the pack ice.