Betzabeth Cecilia Pérez Torres

El picudo del chile, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) es la plaga más importante en el cultivo de chile, ya que causa graves pérdidas económicas. Para esta investigación se evaluaron extractos vegetales oleosos de Ricinus communis L., Roldana ehrenbergiana (Klatty) H. Rob. y Brettell, y Argemone mexicana L., y se compararon con un insecticida químico convencional para el control del picudo del chile. En una parcela cultivada con chile jalapeño se estableció un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con 4 repeticiones, en el que se establecieron 6 tratamientos, 3 a base de extractos vegetales y 3 tratamientos testigos. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizaron los programas estadísticos STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVI.I, y RStudio (v2025.05.1). Los resultados mostraron que R. communis y R. ehrenbergiana tuvieron una efectividad similar al insecticida químico, y redujeron significativamente el daño por picudo del chile, con un porcentaje de infestación menor a 75 %. Por su parte, A. mexicana presentó mayor eficiencia respecto a los tratamientos testigos de agua y aceite. Estos resultados indican que los extractos vegetales son una alternativa viable para el manejo de esta plaga y reducen el uso de insecticidas sintéticos. Este estudio contribuye, con evidencia científica, a demostrar que los extractos son una opción ecológica para el manejo del picudo del chile en campo.

The rapid growth of avocado production in Mexico has intensified concerns about balancing economic competitiveness with environmental sustainability, especially regarding water use and production intensification. This study introduces the Integrated Competitiveness and Sustainability Composite Index for Avocado (ICSCA), a multidimensional indicator that evaluates the structural performance of avocado production systems across Mexican states. The index combines environmental efficiency, economic productivity, and socio-productive stability, using state level data from 2014–2024. The ICSCA was calculated and examined through principal component analysis, regression models, and spatial visualization. Results show strong heterogeneity among producing regions. States like Michoacan and Jalisco achieve high productivity and economic output but exert significant pressure on water resources, while others maintain more balanced sustainability profiles with moderate productivity; furthermore, spatial patterns reveal clear regional gradients in sustainability performance. Robust tests, including out of sample temporal validation, expanding window validation, and sliding window analysis, demonstrate high predictive consistency across analysis periods. Overall, the ICSCA provides a robust tool for assessing the interactions between productivity, environmental efficiency, and social structural stability, supporting evidence-based policy design and regional planning for more sustainable avocado production.

A new species of oak gall wasp, Neuroterus paradecrescens García-Martiñón & Pujade-Villar sp. nov. is described. The description is based on the asexual female generation, that induces galls on the leaves of different endemic oak species of section Quercus. Galls are very similar to Neuroterus saltatorius var. decrescens from Arizona (USA). Diagnosis, distribution and data on the biology of the new species are given. This species represents one of the smallest species of gall wasps.

Se describe una nueva especie en México de avispa agalladora de los encinos con base a su generación asexual, 𝑭𝒆𝒎𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 Bravo-Cuautle, Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp., que induce pequeñas agallas en las yemas apicales de 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 Mart. & Gal. (Sección Quercus). Se comenta su distribución, datos biológicos y se ilustran los caracteres morfológicos distintivos. Finalmente, se exponen los caracteres diagnósticos para diferenciarlos de las especies cercanas

A new Cynipid species, Neuroterus nervus Pujade-Villar & Bravo-Cuautle sp. nov., known from its sexual generation, is described from Mexico. The galls are located on the veins of the leaves on Q. glaucoides Mart. & Gal. (Quercus section), an endemic species from Mexico. The diagnosis, distribution and biology of the new species are provided. The most significant morphological characters are illustrated.

A new species of oak gall wasp, Andricus coombesi Pujade-Villar & Pérez-Torres n. sp. from Mexico, known only from its asexual generation that induces galls on acorns of Quercus grahamii Benth., (section Lobatae) is described. Its presence causes the complete disappearance of the acorn. Diagnosis, distribution and biological data of the new species are given. Andricus coombesi Pujade-Villar & Pérez-Torres n. sp. represents the first gall wasp species mentioned from this host.

La larva de Parachrysina parapatrica Deloya y Morón, 1988 se describe por primera vez con base a especímenes procedentes del Valle de Tehuacán, localidad de Santa Ana, municipio de Teloxtoc, Puebla, México. Las larvas se recolectaron en raíces de amaranto (Amaranthus hipochondriacus L.) y se criaron hasta obtener pupas y adultos. Se incluyen ilustraciones de las estructuras de importancia taxonómica y comentarios sobre su biología. The Parachrysina paraparica larvae Deloya & Morón, 1988 is described for the first time based on specimens from the Tehuacan Valley, Santa Ana locality, Teloxtoc municipality, Puebla, Mexico. Larvae were collected from the roots of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) and reared to pupae and adults. Illustrations of important structures and comments on their biology are included.

Macrodactylus nigripes (Bates) es una plaga que ataca el cultivo del maíz causando pérdidas económicas en la producción. Con la finalidad de encontrar alternativas agroecológicas para su manejo, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de Argemone mexicana L., Ricinus communis L, Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill y Metharrizium anisoplae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, así como colecta de M. nigripes con red de golpeo en el cultivo de maíz. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, donde se probaron los cinco métodos de control y fueron comparados con el tratamiento testigo (agua). R. communis y A. mexicana disminuyeron significativamente la infestación de plantas por M. nigripes, aumentando la producción en 36 y 30% respectivamente. Estos resultados demuestran que ambos tratamientos alternados con jabón zote pueden ser una buena alternativa del manejo de esta especie plaga.

The ovicidal activity of ethanol and hexane extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Trichilia havanensis Jacq., Roldana ehrenbergiana (Klatt) H. Rob. & Brettell, Argemone mexicana L., Schinus molle L. y Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. was evaluated in the laboratory on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The extracts (treatments) were applied by spraying at a concentration of 1,000 mg.L-1 to a known number of eggs (age <18h) on leaf discs of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (10 leaf discs per treatment), and the percentage of egg mortality was recorded after six days of the treatment. The corrected mortality (percentage) was obtained for each test unit, and a simple ANOVA, followed by multiple comparison of means by the Tukey method (α=0.05), were used to find statistically significant differences between treatment effects. The ethanol and hexane extracts of T. havanensis seeds caused an average corrected egg mortality of 77.7±3.5 and 58.0±3.4 %, respectively, which was significantly higher than the egg mortality caused by the other extracts. The ethanol extracts of the other plant species caused a corrected egg mortality, which ranged from 8.8±9.6 to 42.9±8.3 %, while the corrected mortality of the hexane extracts ranged from 0.2±2.3 to 30.1±4.0 %. The results show that the ethanol extract of T. havanensis seeds has good potential for the development of products with biological activity for the management of T. urticae.