David Ricardo Africano Franco

Introducción: El presente artículo analiza la relación rentabilidad-riesgo en la industria financiera de Latinoamérica, revisando entidades tradicionales del sector bancario como entidades de índole digital o Fintech. En la Metodología desarrollada se utiliza la frontera de eficiencia de Markowitz, evaluando opciones de portafolios de inversión para lograr una combinación óptima de activos que genere la mayor rentabilidad posible con un nivel de riesgo asumido tolerable. Los Resultados presentan entidades tradicionales con niveles de volatilidad relativamente bajos y retornos favorables, por su parte las entidades digitales, o Fintech, presentan rentabilidades más altas, pero asumiendo niveles también mayores de exposición por volatilidad. Se destaca la relevancia de incluir en los portafolios entidades que integren tecnologías de índole financiero para tener nuevas opciones de rentabilidad considerable y mayor diversificación. Discusión: Se revisan las limitaciones del estudio como la falta de mayor numero de emisores de naturaleza Fintech en bolsas de valores, proporcionando opciones de investigación a futuro procurando incluir mayor número de emisores e incluir elementos políticos y económicos que incidan en el precio. Se Concluye además que la diversificación en la contemplación de entidades tradicionales como Fintech permite mayores opciones y criterios para optimizar inversiones en la región.

The potential of social networks for the circulation of disinformation as a strategy of diplomacy has been of great interest to the academic community, but the way in which it is propagated and modelled is still in its beginnings. This article aimed to simulate the propagation of disinformation in social networks derived from the diplomacy strategy, based on the elements of the system. The main research question that was opened up was how do the elements of disinformation derived from the social media diplomacy strategy interact to affect a susceptible population? For the design of the simulation model, system dynamics was used as the main technique in the re-search methodology in conjunction with statistical analysis. Five computational simulations were run for the adoption methods of susceptible and uninformed population, misinformation techniques and echo chamber. The model developed found that the diplomacy disinformation agent is able to spread its message efficiently through the bot outreach mechanism and only a part of the susceptible population unsubscribes to the disinformation agent’s account. Significant differences were identified in the absence of paid outreach, bots and trolls in the propagation of information, and in the variation in the timing of disinformation propagation. Consequently, the developed model allows the understanding of the problem of disinformation as a strategy of diplomacy from international rather than local dynamics, as well as the effects of the use of each element in the system.

The blueberry industry is growing significantly in Colombia. For investors, cost analysis plays a key role in project planning for any agribusiness. This paper is an exploratory study, with a descriptive scope to identify components of establishment and production costs of growing blueberries in Colombia. Data were collected and analyzed from a project aimed at establishing a 1 ha blueberry crop in Zipaquirá and 18 blueberry small farms in the Cundiboyacense highlands. Components were applied to estimate the capital investment and to identify the establishment, production, and maintenance costs of this project. Decision investment analysis, including discount rates for the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), were used to compute the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and the return on investment (ROI). Production costs are still expensive due to the Colombian peso (COP) exchange rate compared to the US dollar (USD). Results show advantages for promoting the establishment of blueberry crops because of suitable climatic conditions for continuous production throughout the year in Colombia. Labor costs and utilities are cheaper compared to other countries and represent a competitive advantage in the investment. Intermediation suppliers affect establishment costs for commercial reasons. Blueberry production cost analysis in Colombia may facilitate agribusinesses to promote projects in Colombian agriculture. La industria de los arándanos está creciendo significativamente en Colombia. Para los inversores, el análisis de costos juega un papel clave en la planificación de proyectos para cualquier agronegocio. Este trabajo es un estudio exploratorio, con alcance descriptivo para identificar componentes de los costos de establecimiento y producción del cultivo de arándanos en Colombia. Los datos fueron recopilados y analizados de un proyecto destinado a establecer un cultivo de arándanos de 1 ha en Zipaquirá y 18 pequeñas fincas de arándanos en el altiplano cundiboyacense. Se aplicaron componentes para estimar la inversión de capital e identificar los costos de establecimiento, producción y mantenimiento de este proyecto. Se utilizaron análisis de decisiones de inversión, incluidas las tasas de descuento para el modelo de valoración de activos de capital, para calcular el valor presente neto, la tasa interna de rentabilidad y el retorno de la inversión. Los costos de producción aún son elevados debido a la tasa de cambio del peso colombiano (COP) en comparación con el dólar estadounidense (USD). Los resultados muestran ventajas para promover el establecimiento del cultivo de arándanos debido a las condiciones climáticas adecuadas para una producción continua durante todo el año en Colombia. Los costos laborales y los servicios públicos son más baratos en comparación con otros países y representan una ventaja competitiva en la inversión. Los proveedores de intermediación afectan los costos de establecimiento por motivos comerciales. El análisis de costos de producción de arándanos en Colombia puede facilitar que los agronegocios impulsen proyectos en la agricultura colombiana.

The potential of social networks for the circulation of disinformation as a strategy of diplomacy has been of great interest to the academic community, but the way in which it is propagated and modelled is still in its beginnings. This article aimed to simulate the propagation of disinformation in social networks derived from the diplomacy strategy, based on the elements of the system. For the design of the simulation model, system dynamics was used as the main technique in the research methodology in conjunction with statistical analysis. Five computational simulations were run for the adoption methods of susceptible and uninformed population, misinformation techniques and echo chamber. The developed model found that the diplomacy disinformation agent is able to spread its message efficiently through the bot outreach mechanism and only a part of the susceptible population unsubscribes to the disinformation agent's account. Significant differences were identified in the absence of paid outreach, bots and trolls in the propagation of information, and in the variation in the timing of disinformation propagation. Consequently, the developed model allows the understanding of the problem of disinformation as a strategy of diplomacy from international rather than local dynamics, as well as the effects of the use of each element in the system.

Social networks have become the scenario with the greatest potential for the circulation of disinformation, hence there is a growing interest in understanding how this type of information is spread, especially in relation to the mechanisms used by disinformation agents such as bots and trolls, among others. In this scenario, the potential of bots to facilitate the spread of disinformation is recognised, however, the analysis of how they do this is still in its initial stages. Taking into consideration what was previously stated, this paper aimed to model and simulate scenarios of disinformation propagation in social networks caused by bots based on the dynamics of this mechanism documented in the literature. For achieving the purpose, System dynamics was used as the main modelling technique. The results present a mathematical model, as far as disinformation by this mechanism is concerned, and the simulations carried out against the increase in the rate of activation and deactivation of bots. Thus, the preponderant role of social networks in controlling disinformation through this mechanism, and the potential of bots to affect citizens, is recognised.

Social networks have become the scenario with the greatest potential for the circulation of disinformation, hence there is a growing interest in understanding how this type of information is spread, especially in relation to the mechanisms used by disinformation agents such as bots, trolls, among others. In this scenario, the potential of bots to facilitate the spread of disinformation is recognised, however, the analysis of how they do this is still in its initial stages. Taking into consideration what was previously stated, this paper aimed to model and simulate scenarios of disinformation propagation in social networks caused by bots based on the dynamics of this mechanism documented in the literature. For achieving the purpose, System dynamics was used as the main modelling technique. The results present a mathematical model, as far as disinformation by this mechanism is concerned, and the simulations carried out against the increase in the rate of activation and deactivation of bots. Thus, the preponderant role of social networks in controlling disinformation through this mechanism, and the potential of bots to affect citizens, is recognised.