Bożena Nosecka

The aim of the article is to present changes in the production of organic fruits and vegetables in Poland and selected European Union countries between 2017 and 2024, as well as to characterize organic farms receiving support under the CAP 2023-2027 framework. The study was undertaken due to the growing importance of organic production in achieving the environmental and climate objectives of the European Union, as well as the need to identify development directions for organic horticultural production in Poland. The research was based on secondary data concerning the production of organic fruits and vegetables in Poland (IJHARS) and the European Union (Eurostat), as well as data on farms receiving support under the CAP 2023-2027 scheme (ARiMR). The analysis indicates that Poland holds a significant position in the production of organic fruits and vegetables within the European Union. Between 2017 and 2024, organic horticultural production in Poland showed an overall upward trend, although considerable year-to-year fluctuations were observed. The production structure was characterized by a clear spatial concentration of vegetable cultivation in the northern part of the country, while fruit production was concentrated in the main fruit-growing regions of Poland, particularly in the Mazowieckie and Lubelskie voivodeships. The results also indicate the growing importance of vegetable farms among beneficiaries of organic farming support, as well as the increasing regional specialization of organic production. Farms specializing in vegetable production and operating on a relatively large scale constituted the dominant group among supported holdings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the preferences of young adults in the Polish apple market in response to the declining consumption of these fruits. To address the research questions, a study was conducted among young adults using a custom-designed online questionnaire. The research sample consisted of 729 participants. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and due to the nature of the data, Wilcoxon tests were also employed to examine differences. The most frequently purchased fruits among young adults were bananas and apples; however, strawberries and raspberries were the most favored. The most preferred apple cultivars were bicolored (e.g., Jonagored) and red (e.g., Gala Royal), while yellow cultivars (e.g., Golden Delicious) were perceived as the least attractive. Young consumers favored apples that were juicy, firm, and moderately sweet. This study demonstrated that the skin color of an apple was associated with expectations regarding its firmness and sweetness. Apples with intense coloration (dark red and green) received the highest valuations, particularly when organically grown. In contrast, apples from conventional production systems were valued below their market price by young consumers, indicating the need for strategies aimed at enhancing their perceived value.

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the international competitiveness of Polish fruits and their processed products in comparison to those of major global exporters. The adopted research approach is grounded in the theoretical foundations of international trade. A comparative analysis allows for identifying key competitive advantages and weaknesses. Quantitative data analysis was employed to measure international competitiveness using key indicators such as Market Share (MS), Trade Balance, Competitiveness Ratio (CR), Revealed comparative advantage (RCA), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and Terms of Trade (ToT). These metrics were calculated based on data obtained from Comtrade, with results presented in a time-series format to capture long-term trends. An extensive literature review was conducted to examine the various definitions and frameworks of international competitiveness. The decline in the level of indicators that include imports in their formulas (CRs) may lead to an increase in the level of indicators that take exports into account (e.g., foreign trade balance and share in global exports). For example, a strong increase in the import of concentrated apple juice results in an increase in the export of this product and an improvement in the competitive position on the global market. The insights from these indicators can assist policymakers in developing targeted strategies to enhance the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, such as improving production methods, negotiating better trade agreements, or investing in innovation and quality improvement.

The primary purpose of the paper was to evaluate the international competitiveness of Polish fruits and their processed products in comparison to major global exporters. A comparative analysis allows for identifying key competitive advantages and weaknesses. Quantitative data analysis was employed to measure international competitiveness using key indicators such as Market Share (MS), Trade Balance, Competitiveness Ratio (CR), Import Penetration (IP), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and Terms of Trade (ToT). These metrics were calculated based on data obtained from Comtrade, with results presented in a time-series format to capture long-term trends. An extensive literature review was conducted to examine various definitions and frameworks of international competitiveness. The study revisits conventional competitiveness indicators to address their limitations in reflecting contemporary global market dynamics. The reinterpretation acknowledges the challenges posed by increased capital mobility and evolving trade patterns, thereby enhancing the accuracy of competitiveness assessments. The study takes into account the need to reinterpret commonly used indicators in the literature due to their decreasing relevance in the context of global market dynamics, characterized by increasing trade and capital flows. The decline in the level of indicators that include imports in their formulas (IP and CR) may lead to an increase in the level of indicators that take exports into account (foreign trade balance, share in global exports). For example, a strong increase in the import of concentrated apple juice results in an increase in the export of this product and an improvement in the competitive position on the global market.

W artykule przedstawiono poziom i zmiany produkcji oraz spożycia ieksportu soków pitnych, nektarów oraz napojów owocowych iowocowowarzywnych w Polsce w latach 2012-2021. Oceniono także pozycję polskiego sektora soków inapojów w Unii Europejskiej. Z analizy wynika, że w minionym dziesięcioleciu dynamicznie wzrastała produkcja, atakże eksport i spożycie soków pitnych owocowych, przede wszystkim soku jabłkowego. W efekcie umocniła się pozycja Polski jako jednego znajwiększych w UE producentów, eksporterów ikonsumentów soków. W Polsce mniejsza była natomiast dynamika produkcji i spożycia soków warzywnych, nektarów oraz napojów owocowych iowocowo-warzywnych. Polska pod względem wartości produkcji soków zajmowała wysokie, trzecie miejsce, apod względem spożycia soków na osobę piąte miejsce w UE. Wyniki finansowe producentów, lepsze niż w 2020 r., zapewniały firmom bezpieczeństwo funkcjonowania. Obniżeniu uległa jednak ich aktywność inwestycyjna.

The growing health problems of the world's population related to inadequate nutrition have prompted many countries to take measures to develop healthy eating habits. One of the activities in the EU was the implementation of the School Fruit Scheme between 2009/10 and 2016/17, and School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme since 2017/18, in which fruit and vegetables have been one of the two components (the second component is milk and milk products). The aim of the article was to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of the consumption of fruit and vegetables in Polish families. The article was based on: EU legal acts, evaluations of the functioning and implementation of the schemes made by EU and Polish institutions, statistical data from Statistics Poland, and a review of the literature on the consumption of fruit and vegetables. It was found that despite the greater number of schools and children participating in the scheme and the growing expenses for its implementation, in most EU countries, including Poland, there is no increase in the consumption of horticultural products covered by the scheme (Pearson's correlation coefficient between the number of children participating in the scheme and consumption in households between 2009/10 and 2020/21 amounted to -0.77). The reasons may be the weaknesses of the scheme (i.e., generally poor quality of products, too short duration of the scheme, and also insufficient involvement of parents in its implementation) on the one hand and the influence of other factors determining the consumption of fruit and vegetables under the scheme being difficult to statistically confirm (greater availability of other products, ineffective advertising) on the other.

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie regulacji unijnych mających wpływ na poprawę pozycji polskich produktów ogrodniczych i ich przetworów na rynku międzynarodowym. Celem było też przedstawienie skali wykorzystania przez uczestników sektora ogrodniczego w Polsce możliwości określonych w rozwiązaniach Ue dotyczących sektora ogrodniczego, a także ustalonych na zasadzie horyzontalnej. Wspieranie tworzenia i funkcjonowania organizacji producentów owoców i warzyw, akcji promocyjnych i informacyjnych. Przedstawiono też poziom dostosowania owoców i warzyw do unijnych wymogów jakościowych. W Polsce stopień organizacji rynku owoców i warzyw jest wciąż niski, ale skala wykorzystania funduszy przeznaczonych na akcje promocyjne jest duża. Dostosowanie produktów ogrodniczych do obowiązujących w Ue wymogów jakościowych jest także znaczące.

The aim of the study was to present the situation on the global dessert fruit, vegetable and fruit and vegetable preparation markets. Products with the greatest share in both domestic output and exports from the horticultural sector were given special attention. Trends in development of demand, the increase of supply on the world market and in price levels offered by the main competitors of Poland were determined. Systems of import duties applied by the countries buying Polish products were also considered. The analysis enabled to estimate the influence of world market exports on the development of selected horticultural products. Analyses of the main tendencies prevailing on global market were based on the data for 2001-2012 period published by FAO, Comtrade, USDA and the Analytical Centre of Duty Administration. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie sytuacji na światowym rynku owoców i warzyw deserowych oraz przetworów owocowych i warzywnych ze szczególnym uwzględ­nieniem sytuacji na rynku produktów o największym udziale w krajowej produkcji i eksporcie produktów sektora ogrodniczego. Określono tendencje kształtowania się zapotrzebowania w podstawowych rejonach zbytu oraz tendencje wzrostu podaży na rynek światowy i poziom cen oferowanych przez głównych konkurentów Polski. Przedstawiono również system obciążeń celnych w imporcie realizowanym przez kraje odbierające polskie produkty. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na określenie wpływu sytuacji na rynku światowym na rozwój polskiego eks­portu wybranych produktów ogrodniczych. Główne tendencje na rynku światowym określono na podstawie wielkości z lat 2001-2012 zawartych w publikacjach FAO, Comtrade, USDA oraz Centrum Informatyki Handlu Zagranicznego i Centrum Analitycznego Administracji Celnej.