Abdulkarim S. Binshaya

Background/Objectives: The tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) critically influences colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and therapeutic response, yet mechanisms shaping immune phenotypes remain unclear. Mucin-type O-glycosylation regulates tumour–immune interactions at the cell surface. Methods: We analysed O-glycosylation activity in 988 colorectal cancer (CRC) tumours derived from three independent cohorts: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-CRC, n = 534), the Clinical Proteomic Tumour Analysis Consortium (CPTAC2-CRC, n = 106), and the Sidra–Leiden University Medical Center (Sidra-LUMC, n = 348). O-glycosylation activity was quantified using a transcriptomic gene signature and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Tumours were stratified into high and low O-glycosylation groups based on the median score, and associations with immune phenotypes, genomic alterations, and tumour functional states were assessed. Results: High O-glycosylation tumours exhibited an immune-desert phenotype with reduced immune-inflamed (p = 3.65 × 10⁻¹⁰) and immune-excluded (p = 0.0070) signatures alongside increased immune-desert scores (p = 0.0049) and reduced Siglec signalling (p = 8.14 × 10⁻⁵). O-glycosylation was associated with genomic stability, including lower TP53 mutation frequency (p = 0.0056), reduced aneuploidy (p = 0.0116), and decreased fraction of genome altered (p = 0.0309). High O-glycosylation tumours also showed upregulation of multidrug resistance programmes and reduced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (p = 0.0141) and proliferation (p = 0.0294). Conclusions: O-glycosylation defines a CRC subtype characterised by immune exclusion, genomic stability, and multidrug resistance, highlighting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

Lung cancer is a disease in which lung cells grow abnormally and uncontrollably, and the cause of it is direct smoking, secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, and certain chemicals. The worldwide leading cause of death is lung cancer, which is responsible for more than 1.8 million deaths yearly and is expected to rise to 2.2 million by 2030. The most common type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for about 80% and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is more aggressive than NSCLC and is often diagnosed later and accounts for 20% of cases. The global concern for lung cancer demands efficient drugs with the slightest chance of developing resistance, and the idea of multitargeted drug designing came up with the solution. In this study, we have performed multitargeted molecular docking studies of Drug Bank compounds with HTVS, SP and XP algorithms followed by MM\GBSA against the four proteins of lung cancer cellular survival and stress responses, which revealed Mitoglitazone as a multitargeted inhibitor with a docking and MM\GBSA score ranging from − 5.784 to − 7.739 kcal/mol and − 25.81 to − 47.65kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, we performed pharmacokinetics studies and QM-based DFT analysis, showing suitable candidate and interaction pattern analysis revealed the most count of interacting residues was 4GLY, 5PHE, 6ASP, 6GLU, 6LYS, and 6THR. Further, the results were validated with SPC water model-based MD simulation for 100ns in neutralised condition, showing the cumulative deviation and fluctuation < 2Å with many intermolecular interactions. The whole analysis has suggested that Mitoglitazone can be used as a multitargeted inhibitor against lung cancer—however, experimental studies are needed before human use.

This study investigates the effects of lotus root extract (LRE) on antioxidants and cancer prevention to understand how lotus can be used as a natural ingredient in health-promoting foods. We tested the extract's ability to neutralize harmful molecules using the DPPH assay and found that its effectiveness increases with the amount of extract used. The concentration of 22.21 g/mL was key for the extract to show its protective effects. Additionally, our research showed that LRE is good at removing harmful substances like nitrite (21.14 µg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide (24.91 µg/mL). Importantly, lotus extracts were especially effective against human breast cancer cells. Through MTT analysis at 15.60 g/mL, we found LRE to be very effective in killing these cancer cells. This killing process involves the increase of certain proteins (p53, caspase 3, and 9) and the breaking up of DNA, which are signs of cancer cells being programmed to die. Our findings indicate that LRE could be a strong candidate for cancer prevention. This research sheds light on how lotus root extract could be used in health-promoting foods and suggests it might be worth exploring more as a treatment against cancer.

Silver nanoparticle composites have abundant biomedical applications due to their unique antibacterial properties. In the current work, green tea leaf extract was used as a natural reducing agent to synthesize AgNPs (AgNPs) using microwave irradiation technology. Furthermore, microwave irradiation has been used for the preparation of AgNPs/chitosan (Ch) grafted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel samples. To approve the accomplishment of AgNPs hydrogel polymer, UV-spectrum, TEM, and FT-IR spectrum analyses and the release of silver ions, actions were taken. The wound-healing ability of the prepared hydrogel samples was measured via both the in vitro (fibroblast cells) and the in vivo using rat models. It was found that chitosan-grafted polyvinyl alcohol, including AgNPs, exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus using the agar diffusion method. It can be said that microwave irradiation was successful in creating a hydrogel that contained silver nanoparticles. A wound that was still open was successfully treated with these composites.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to investigate the cytotoxic potentials of Galactosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles. Specifically, the study aimed to develop Tubermycin B coated on Galactosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles using a new green method that replaces sodium borohydride in the reduction process.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study synthesized Tubermycin B coated on Galactosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles through a new green method. The cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was evaluated in a mice intestinal tract model that had been induced with chlorpyrifos, which causes oxidative stress-related enterotoxicity. Multiple activities, including the apoptosis of intestinal macrophages and the activation of Ikappa alpha/beta kinase (IKK alpha/beta), were examined as indicators of the nanoparticles' efficacy. The stability of the synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles was also assessed. Additionally, the encapsulation efficiency of Boscia angustifalia and Boscia senegalensis extracts within the nanoparticles was determined.RESULTS: The results of the study showed that Tubermycin B coated on Galactosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles effectively alleviated the oxidative stress-related enterotoxicity in the mice intestinal tract induced by chlorpyrifos. The nanoparticles prevented the apoptosis of intestinal macrophages and inhibited the activation of IKK alpha/beta. The synthesized chitosan nanoparticles exhibited high stability. The encapsulation efficiency of Boscia angustifalia extract was recorded as 46.58%, whereas for Boscia senegalensis extract, it was 9.77%. The nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity at all tested concentrations and demonstrated a medium-level anticancer effect.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Tubermycin B coated on Galactosylated Chitosan Nanoparticles has the potential to alleviate oxidative stress -related enterotoxicity in the mice intestinal tract. The nanoparticles showed high stability and exhibited a medium-level anticancer effect. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that Boscia angustifalia extract exhibited higher anti -hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV) activity compared to Boscia senegalensis extract in an in -vitro system. Therefore, Boscia angustifalia could be considered a promising candidate for the development of an anti-HCV drug for future in -vivo studies.

The coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to create global impact and continues to stand divided on the mask mandate, the vaccine passport, and the continuous test -ing process. The focus of this review is to high-light the hematological findings in COVID-19, complications, as well as impact of vaccinations. A detailed literature review has been con-ducted using keywords including "coronavirus disease", "COVID-19", "COVID-19 vaccinations", "COVID-19 hematological complications" to list a few. The findings highlight mutations in the non-structural proteins NSP2 and NSP3 to be crucial. With over fifty potential vaccine candidates in trial, prevention and symptom management continue to be the primary clinical challenge. Clinical studies have detailed the hematological complications of COVID-19, including coagulopathy, lymphopenia, and changes in levels of platelet, blood cells, and hemoglobin, to state a few. Further, we also discuss the impact of vaccination on hemolysis, on multiple myeloma patients, as well as thrombocytopenia.

Areca catechu seeds and their extract/s are currently used to treat various ailments and infections including snakebites. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the inhibiting/neutralizing effect of ethyl acetate and aqueous ethanolic seed extracts of A. catechu on Bungarus caeruleus (krait) venom. The enzyme activities and their inhibition were evaluated using standard procedures (in vitro). In vivo studies were conducted using chick embryos and murine models. The extracts inhibited hyaluronidase and phospholipase A₂ activities. Protease activity was neutralized by the aqueous ethanolic extract only. The IC₅₀ value of aqueous ethanolic extract for hyaluronidase was 0.001 g/mL, while that for the ethyl acetate extract for phospholipase A₂ was 0.006 g/mL. In addition, both the extracts neutralized the indirect hemolysis and fibrinogenolytic activity induced by B. caeruleus venom. The LD₅₀ for the chick embryos was 4.9 µg/egg. The 50 and 100 µg aqueous ethanolic extracts neutralized the LD₅₀ and the challenging dose (3LD₅₀) of venom effectively in the chick embryo model. The LD₅₀ of B. caeruleus venom in mice was 0.1927 µg/kg; the extract extended the survival time of the mice from 25 min to 30 and 35 min in 1:10 and 1:20 ((w/w) venom:extract) ratios, respectively. The extract also neutralized myotoxic activity. The A. catechu seed extract showed promising inhibitory properties against B. caeruleus venom. In this regard, academia and industries should work collaboratively to develop and formulate a cost-effective first-aid drug.

Considering that freshwater is a necessity for human life, sewage treatment has been a serious concern for an increasing number of scientists and academics in recent years. To clean industrial effluents, innovative catalysts with good adsorption, chemical stability, and physicochemical properties have been constructed. Here, a prospective microbial consortium was extracted from the wastewater and used as a low-cost catalyst that was functionalized with silver and silver-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) nanostructures made using a sonochemical approach. The structural, optical, and crystal phases of Ag and Ag-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) nanostructures were studied using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The degradation action of functionalized microbial consortia was examined against reactive orange 84 (RO84) organic discharge. Excellent efficiency for the removal of industrial effluents was found for the Ag NPs and Ag-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) loaded with microbial consortia. A maximum of 95% of the decolorization properties of the RO84 dye were obtained in the case of microbial consortia with Ag and Ag@HAp, which was better than the consortia alone (80.32% for 5 ppm and 69.54% for 20 ppm). The consortia/Ag showed 93.34% for 5 ppm and 85.43% for 20 ppm, while was higher for consortia/Ag@HAp (95.34 and 88.43%). The use of these surface-modified nanocatalysts for wastewater treatment and waste effluents discharged from laboratories, the chemical industry, and other sources could be expanded.