Selvakumar Palaniappan

The rising prevalence of diabetes necessitates accurate, noninvasive methods for early detection and personalized management. Breathomics, the investigation of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs), offers a promising approach for evaluating glycemic control, oxidative stress, and metabolic alterations associated with diabetes. Specific VOCs, such as acetone, isoprene, and ethanol, reflect glucose fluctuations, lipid oxidation, and insulin sensitivity, linking metabolic changes to real‐time physiological states. Recent analytical advancements in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry, and electronic nose technologies have enhanced the reliability and clinical applicability of breath‐based assessments. The investigations focus on integrating VOC‐based metabolic signatures with lifestyle and behavioral factors to establish a precision, noninvasive framework for diabetes management. This review also discusses key challenges that remain in standardizing breath analysis techniques, interpreting complex breath data, and implementing breath‐based technology into personalized diabetes management. Breathomics provides a novel pathway for dynamic real‐time assessment of metabolic health, bridging physiological biomarkers with lifestyle responses to enable individualized diabetes management.

The monomer 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanoacrylate (IANOPA) and monomer 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanomethacrylate (IANOPMA) were synthesized by treating 1‐(isopropylamino)‐3‐(1‐naphthyloxy)‐2‐propanol with acryloylchloride/methacryloyl chloride. The above esterification reactions were carried out in the presence of triethylamine. By employing the free radical polymerization method, the synthesized monomers were converted into polymers by using an initiator 2, 2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of nitrogen environment at 70 ± 2°C. The monomers and polymers were characterized by various techniques such as FT‐IR, UV, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic analyses. Further, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to estimate the glass transition temperature (T_g). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to estimate the molecular weight of the polymers. In addition, monomer and polymer surfaces’ morphology was analyzed using SEM analysis. As a primary application, the effectiveness of synthesized monomers and polymers was explored as antibacterial agents against gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which were measured from their inhibitory zone diameters. Further, the synthesized polymers, poly‐IANOPA and poly‐IANOPMA, were utilized for the uptake ability study of heavy metal ions such as Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Pb²⁺ present in water sources by equilibrium method.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) frequently occur following the insertion of catheters in hospitalized patients, often leading to severe clinical complications. These complications are exacerbated by biofilm-forming organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which complicates treatment strategies. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiadhesive properties of duloxetine against S. aureus in the context of CAUTI. Our findings demonstrate that duloxetine exhibits significant antibacterial activity, as evidenced by the agar diffusion method. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 37.5 μg/mL was established using the microdilution method. Notably, duloxetine displayed inhibitory effects against biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces up to its MIC level, as demonstrated by the crystal violet method. Intriguingly, the study also revealed that duloxetine could prevent biofilm formation at lower concentrations and reduce mature biofilms, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative biofilm assays. Furthermore, duloxetine-coated silicone catheter tubes exhibited antibacterial properties against S. aureus in a bladder model, visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and corroborated through FDA and PI staining, highlighting noticeable morphological changes in S. aureus post-treatment. In conclusion, this study presents duloxetine as a promising alternative agent with antibacterial and antiadhesive properties against S. aureus in the prevention and management of CAUTI, warranting further exploration in the clinical setting.

The plants of Euphorbiaceae have high medicinal values and their phytochemical composition plays a major role in metal ion reduction. In this research, Euphorbia granulata (EG) the “spurge family” plant extract was used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This nanoparticle formation was observed by UV‐VIS spectrophotometric analysis at different times and temperatures to achieve the most optimal conditions. The synthesized biogenic silver nanoparticles (EG‐AgNPs) were subjected to FTIR studies. The obtained low‐intensity bands of fingerprint region bands (612 cm^-1) and aromatic OH bands (3385 cm^-1) are identified that the reduction of silver ions (Ag⁺) into metallic silver (Ag⁰) nanoparticles. Further, the charge, size, and morphology of the synthesized EG‐AgNPs were studied using various spectroscopic methods including powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM), FESEM‐EDX elemental mapping, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The notable efficacy of the EG‐AgNPs in antimicrobial activity including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) suggested the EG‐AgNPs are noteworthy material for biomedical applications. EG‐AgNPs exhibited an efficient photocatalytic activity by degrading environmental pollutants, methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO) dyes. The antioxidant property by radical scavenging (DPPH) assay of synthesized AgNPs was studied. Furthermore, the studied antioxidant behavior of EG‐AgNPs by DPPH assay strongly supports that the EG‐AgNPs are highly suitable materials for anticancer agents.